Risks and Path
Most common histologic subtype of bladder cancer.
What is urothelial carcinoma?
First-line intravesical therapy for intermediate or high-risk NMIBC.
What is BCG?
These are the side effects of intravesicular BCG
What are dysuria, frequency, fever, hematuria, and rare systemic BCG infection
KEYNOTE-045 showed benefit of this drug improving OS vs. chemo in platinum-refractory patients
What is pembrolizumab?
T2 stage invades this tissue layer.
What is muscularis propria?
Most significant modifiable risk factor.
What is smoking?
This is the length of time to be treated with BCG for high risk (T1, high-grade, CIS, multifocal) NMIBC
What is BCG induction + maintenance (3 years)
This is used to prevent hemorrhagic cystitis (also which chemo's are associated)
What is MESNA? What are iphosphamide and cyclophosphamide?
JAVELIN Bladder 100 supported this drug in maintenance therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma after platinum therapy
What is avelumab?
These are VERY high risk features of NMIBC for which cystectomy would be recommended.
What is LVI, Prostatic urethral involvement of the tumor, Variant histology (ie, micropapillary, plasmacytoid, sarcomatoid), BCG unresponsive?
Rare bladder cancer subtype linked to chronic inflammation and Schistosomiasis.
What is squamous cell of the bladder?
Standard treatment for fit patients with muscle-invasive disease.
What is radical cystectomy with lymph node dissection (with neoadjuvant chemo)?
This is the MOA of enfortumab vedotin?
What is an antibody-drug conjugate targeting Nectin-4, delivering a microtubule-disrupting agent (MMAE) to tumor cells?
The NIAGRA study improved OS, EFS, path complete response and metastasis free survival with which regimen?
What is neoadjuvant durvalumab plus gemcitabine–cisplatin every 3 weeks for four cycles, followed by radical cystectomy and adjuvant durvalumab every 4 weeks for eight cycles?
BLC2001 trial approved this drug in the second line for FGFR mutated bladder cancers.
What is Erdafitinib?
Mutation in this tumor suppressor gene is associated with aggressive high-grade bladder cancer.
What is TP53?
Alternative to cystectomy that preserves the bladder
What is trimodal therapy (TURBT + chemoradiation)?
Have to get cystoscopies for life
What is Antibody-drug conjugate targeting Trop-2, linked to SN-38 (active metabolite of irinotecan) and second line therapy for advanced bladder cancer who have progressed on platinum/immunotherapy
This trial approved enfortumab vedotin/pembrolizumab as first line therapy for metastatic bladder cancer.
What is EV-302 / KEYNOTE-A39 Trial?
EV-301 approved it after chemo-immuno in advanced setting
The POUT trial approved gemcitabine/platinum based adjuvant therapy for this group of cancers.
What is upper tract urothelial cancers?
Occupational exposure to these compounds (e.g., in dye, rubber industries) increases bladder cancer risk.
What are aromatic amines?
This is the treatment of metastatic adenocarcinoma of the bladder (Urachal origin)
What is FOLFOX?
These class of medications have side effects of hyperphosphatemia and central serous retinopathies.
What are FGFR3 inhibitors?
This the result of the VESPER trial
What is improvement of PFS of MVAC > GC though with greater adverse events?
Plasmacytoid bladder cancer is associated with loss of this mutation.
What is CDH1?