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Ch.1 The Process of Science
Ch.1 Hypothesis Testing
Ch.1 Understanding Statistics
Ch. 2 Life and Water
Ch.2 O
100
The Scientific Method and it's 4 steps
What is...allows the solving of problems and answer questions. Observations Proposing ideas Testing the ideas Discarding or modifying ideas based on results
100
The Experimental Method What is an Experiment designed for? What 3 components to all experiments need__,__,__?
Experiments are designed to COLLECT DATA or information to test specific hypotheses. Variables: factors that can change in value under different conditions Independent variables can be manipulated by the scientist Dependent variables cannot be changed by ?the researcher
100
1) _____ in science is used to evaluate and compare data. 2) What can we rely on to extend the results from small samples to an entire population? 3) We can do this because they are statistically significant which means...
1) STATISTICS in science is used to evaluate and compare data. 2) we can rely on STATISTICAL TESTING to extend the results from small samples to an entire population. 3)Statistically significant: results of difference between groups is due to random chance and not an error in experimenting
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Definition of Life Characteristics (5)
1) Growth 2) Movement 3) Reproduction 4) Response to external environmental stimuli 5) Metabolism
100
1) Organic Chemistry contains a _____. 2)All life on Earth is based on organic chemistry: the chemistry of the ___ ___ containing molecules. 3) (T or F) Carbon makes up most of the mass of living organisms. 4) Can bond to __ different atoms at once 5) Carbon can make ____ which are simple organic molecules 6) Carbon can make macromolecules which are ____
1)Organic Chemistry contains a CARBON. 2)All life on Earth is based on organic chemistry: the chemistry of the COMPLEX CARBON containing molecules. 3) TRUE: Carbon makes up most of the mass of living organisms. 4)Can bond to FOUR different atoms at once 5)Carbon can make HYDROCARBONS which are simple organic molecules 6)Carbon can make MACROMOLECULES: complicated molecule
200
1) What is a Hypothesis? 2) What 2 influences are used to develop a hypothesis? 3) What 2 factors does a Hypothesis NEED to be?
1) Hypothesis: proposed explanation for a set of observations 2)Both logical and creative influences are used to develop a hypothesis 3a) Testable – it must be possible to examine the hypothesis through observations. 3b) Falsifiable – it must be able to potentially be ?proven false
200
What does a controlled experiment test? What is a control? Differences seen between the experimental group and control group can be attributed to the experimental treatment like a ___________.
Controlled experiment: tests the effect of a SINGLE VARIABLE. Control: a subject who is not exposed to the experimental treatment but has all other variables the same. Differences seen between the experimental group and control group can be attributed to the experimental treatment like a RANDOM ASSIGNMENT.
200
The Problem of Sampling Error 1) Define sampling error. 2) Confidence interval: the range of values from a sample that has a 95% probability of containing the __ ___ mean (average)
1) Sampling error: the effect of chance on experimental data 2) Confidence interval: the range of values from a sample that has a 95% probability of containing the TRUE POPULATION mean (average)
200
Properties of Water 1)Water is a ___ molecule 2)Oxygen side is slightly (Positive or negative) compared to hydrogen because it is more ___ 3)When molecules have __ __ they are nonpolar.
1) polar 2) Oxygen side is slightly NEGATIVE compared to hydrogen because it is more ELECTRONEGATIVE. 3)When molecules have NO CHARGES, they ?are nonpolar.
200
Structure and Function of Macromolecules 1)Carbohydrates are composed of what 3 molecules? 2)____ are a major source of energy for cells. 3)__saccharides or simple sugars are building blocks for carbohydrates 4) _saccharides are composed of two monosaccharides 5)__saccharides are composed of many monosaccharides
1)Carbohydrates: molecules of CARBON, OXYGEN, HYDROGEN. 2) CARBOHYDRATES are a major source of energy for cell. 3)MONOsaccharides or simple sugars are building blocks for carbohydrates. 4)DIsaccharides are composed of two monosaccharides. 5)POLYsaccharides are composed of many monosaccharides
300
Scientific Theory Powerful, ___ explanations of a large set of observations. Based on a well supported ____ Supported by ___ from several different independent sources.
Powerful, BROAD explanation of a large set of observations Based on well supported HYPOTHESES Supported by RESEARCH from several different independent sources
300
Minimizing Bias in Experimental Design If human subjects know whether they have received the real treatment or a placebo, they may be biased...therefore scientist conduct ____ experiments and ____ ____ experiments.
Blind experiment: subjects don’t know what kind of treatment they have received. Double blind experiment: the person administering the treatments and the subjects do not know who is in each group until after the experiment is over
300
What are the factors that influence statistical significance?(3)
1)Sample size 2)The true difference between populations 3)Bigger is better: more likely to detect differences
300
The Properties of Water 1) What is a hydrogen bond? 2) Water can dissolve ?salts and ____ ?(water–loving) molecules ?because it is polar. 3) Nonpolar molecules such ?as oil are ____ (water-fearing) and do not easily dissolve in water
1) Hydrogen bond: the weak attraction between the hydrogen atom of one water molecule and the oxygen atom of another. 2) Water can dissolve ?salts and HYDROPHILIC ?(water–loving) molecules ?because it is polar. 3)Nonpolar molecules such ?as oil are HYDROPHOBIC (water-fearing) and do not easily dissolve in water.
300
MEMORIZE THIS SLIDE 1) Proteins are polymers of __ __; joined by __ __. 2) Proteins are made up of...(4) 3) There are ___ different amino acids, with different chemical properties. 4) Different combinations of amino acids give __ different properties.
1) Proteins: polymers of AMINO ACIDS; joined by PEPTIDE BONDS. 2)Proteins are made up of CARBON, OXYGEN, HYDROGEN AND NITROGEN. 3)There are TWENTY different amino acids, with different chemical properties. 4)Different combinations of amino acids give PROTEINS different properties.
400
Define Inductive and Deductive Reasoning. Give an example for both.
Inductive Reasoning: combining a series of specific observations into a generalization to create a hypothesis. Ex. Tommy wore a blue shirt and had a red pencil on the day of the Life Science exam when he received an A. Therefore I must wear a blue shirt and have a red pencil in order to ace my exam. Deductive Reasoning: This involves using a general principle to predict ?an expected observation using if/then statements Ex. IF vitamin C decreases the risk of catching a cold, THEN people who take in additional Vitamin C will get less colds.
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1) What is the, "Gold Standard" for experimentation? (3) 2) ___ ___ can be used in experiments ?when it appears to dangerous or unethical to test ?on humans.
1) Double-blind, placebo controlled and randomized experiments 2)Model systems
400
What do statistical tests not tell us? (3)
1)If an experiment was designed and carried out properly 2)If observer error occurred, only can evaluate the probability of sampling error 3)May not be of any biological significance
400
The Properties of Water 1) Water Facilitates ___ reactions 2) Soultes in the mixture are called ___ 3)End results of the chemical reaction are called___ 4) True or False: Water does not moderate temperature.
1) Water facilitates CHEMICAL reactions 2) Solutes in the mixture are called REACTANTS 3) End result of the chemical reaction are called PRODUCTS 4) FALSE: Water moderates temperature
400
1) Lipids: ___; composed mostly of carbon ?and hydrogen Three types: 2) ___ is composed of a glycerol molecule joined with 3 fatty acid tails. 3) ___ are a four carbon ring structure such as cholesterol, estrogen and testosterone. 4) Phospholipids are composed of a glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acid tails and a ___ group
1) Lipids: HYDROPHOBIC; composed mostly of carbon ?and hydrogen Three types: 2) FAT is composed of a glycerol molecule joined with 3 fatty acid tails 3) STEROIDS are a four carbon ring structure such as cholesterol, estrogen and testosterone 4) Phospholipids are composed of a glycerol molecule, 2 fatty acid tails and a PHOSPHATE group
500
The Logic of Hypothesis Tests A hypothesis that fails our test is ___ and considered disproven. A hypothesis that passes is ___, but not proven. Why not? An ___ might be the real explanation.
A hypothesis that fails our test is REJECTED and considered disproven. A hypothesis that passes is SUPPORTED, but not proven. Why not? An ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS might be the real explanation.
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A ___ can be used to test hypotheses ?when controlled experiments on humans is impossible to perform. Does Correlation equal Causation? Give an example.
1) A CORRELATION can be used to test hypotheses ?when controlled experiments on humans is impossible to perform 2) Correlation does NOT imply causation. Ex. The rates of violent crime and murder have been known to jump when ice cream sales do. But, presumably, buying ice cream doesn't turn you into a killer (unless they're out of your favorite kind?).
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what is the difference between a primary source and a secondary source? When dealing with a secondary source, sometimes it can be subjected to ___ ___ which is based on one person’s experience, not on experimental data.
1)Primary Sources undergo peer review: evaluation of submitted papers by other experts Secondary sources: books, news reports, the internet, and advertisements 2)When dealing with a secondary source, sometimes it can be subjected to ANECDOTAL EVIDENCE which is based on one person’s experience, not on experimental data.
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The Properties of Water (T or F) Water can dissolve acids ?and bases. The __ __ is a measure of ?the relative amounts of acids ?and bases in a solution. pH __ than 7 = basic (< or >) pH __ than 7 = acidic (< or >) Pure water = 7 = ____
TRUE: Water can dissolve acids ?and bases. The pH SCALE is a measure of ?the relative amounts of acids ?and bases in a solution. pH GREATER than 7 = basic pH LOWER than 7 = acidic Pure water = 7 – NEUTRAL
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1) Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides which are made up of__+__+ __ base. 2) DNA is a ___ helix and is the ___ material in nearly all organisms. 3)When the bonding between bases on opposite strands happen there are strict base pairing rules: A is with __ and G is with __. 4) Each strand consists ?of a ___-phosphate backbone
1) Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides which are made up of SUGAR+PHOSPHATE+a NITROGENOUS base. 2) DNA is a DOUBLE helix and is the HEREDITARY material in nearly all organisms. 3)When the bonding between bases on opposite strands happen there are strict base pairing rules: A is with T and G is with C. 4)Each strand consists ?of a SUGAR-phosphate backbone