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fluid inside a cell that contains salts and other molecules
cytoplasm
macromolecules that form when long chains of molecules called nucleotides join together
nucleic acid
long chains of amino acid molecules
proteins
one sugar molecule, two sugar molecules or a long chain of sugar molecules
carbohydrates
flexible covering that protects the inside of the cell from the outside environment
cell membrane
form when many small molecules join together
macromolecules
a network of threadlike proteins that are joined together
cytoskeleton
large macromolecule that does not dissolve in water
lipid
stiff structure outside the cell membrane
cell wall
structure of a cell that has a specialized function
organelle
states that all living things are made of cells, the cell is the smallest unit of life and cells come from preexisting cells
cell theory
membrane bound organelles that use light energy and make food-a sugar called glucose-from water and carbon dioxide in a process called photosynthesis
chloroplasts
part of the eukaryotic cell that directs cell activities and contains genetic material stored in DNA
nucleus
movement of substances THROUGH A CELL MEMBRANE without using cell's energy
passive transport
movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
diffusion
series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water and CO2 (carbon dioxide) into the food energy molecule glucose and give off oxygen
photosynthesis
diffusion of water molecules THROUGH A CELL MEMBRANE
osmosis
a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable from of energy called ATP
cellular respiration
movement of substances THROUGH A CELL MEMBRANE only by using cell energy
active transport
process by which glucose is broken down into smaller molecules
glycolysis
a reaction that a eukaryotic cell and prokaryotic cell can use to obtain energy from food when oxygen levels are low
fermentation
the process which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrane (engulfing it)
endocytosis
the process during which a cell's vesicles release their contents outside the cell
exocytosis
when molecules pass THROUGH A CELL MEMBRANE using special proteins called transport proteins
facilitated diffusion