Early Childhood
Piaget’s conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children’s thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.
centration
When presented with Piaget’s conservation tasks, 9-year-old Ramon demonstrates reversibility. This means that Ramon can __________.
think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction
Carlie engages in binge eating, followed by deliberate vomiting, purging with laxatives, excessive exercise, and strict dieting or even fasting. Carlie suffers from __________.
bulimia nervosa
When asked about his political beliefs, Paolo responds, “Oh, I don’t know. It doesn’t make much difference to me.” Paolo is demonstrating identity __________.
diffusion
Clarence’s 14-year-old daughter, Annie, has been diagnosed with anorexia. Clarence can expect that Annie will __________.
have an extremely distorted body image
Four-year-old Noam focuses on his own viewpoint and assumes that others perceive, think, and feel the same way he does. Noam’s thinking is __________.
egocentric
To test for __________, Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest.
seriation
Donette is extremely self-conscious. She believes that she is the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern. Donette is experiencing a cognitive distortion known as __________.
the imaginary audience
__________ praise implies that competence develops through effort.
Process
Mounting evidence reveals that children with autism are impaired in __________.
theory of mind
Vygotsky saw __________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.
language
Eight-year-old Miles has confidence in his own ability. When he faces a spelling test, he believes that he can practice spelling the words and he will do well on the test. Miles has developed __________.
academic self-efficacy
According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________.
identity
Loren needs constant reassurance and relies heavily on peers to affirm his self-worth. His parents are probably __________.
disapproving and insulting
Children with persistent learning difficulties in reading and math are often deficient in __________.
working memory
Shelby tells her classmates not to play with Sophia because “she lies.” This is an example of __________ aggression.
relational
According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.
inferiority
Emelia accepts her family’s religious beliefs without question. She has never reconsidered them. She is characterized by identity __________.
foreclosure
Natasha’s parents are indulgent. As a result, she probably has unrealistically high __________.
self-esteem
Girls and (less consistently) boys with a history of family conflict tend to reach puberty __________, whereas those with warm, stable family ties tend to reach puberty __________.
early; relatively late
Four-year-old Stanford refuses to walk down an aisle in the toy department because most of the toys on the shelves are pink. This is an example of gender __________.
typing
School-age children with a strong sense of attachment security and whose parents use a(n) __________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.
authoritative
Xiao is an adolescent immigrant from a culture that values interdependent qualities. The longer his family has been in the United States, the less Xiao feels committed to obeying his parents and fulfilling family obligations. As a result, Xiao may experience __________.
acculturative stress
Among Western children, when guilt occurs in appropriate circumstances and is not excessive or accompanied by shame, it is related to __________.
good adjustment
While playing house, 3-year-old Lindsay uses a straw as a “bottle” to feed her doll. Lindsay has begun to grasp __________.
dual representation