Early Childhood
While playing house, 3-year-old Lindsay uses a straw as a “bottle” to feed her doll. Lindsay has begun to grasp __________.
Dual Representation
To test for __________, Piaget asked children to arrange sticks of different lengths from shortest to longest.
seriation
As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in feedback from __________.
close friends
According to Vygotksy, children’s learning takes place within the __________.
zone of proximal development
According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________.
identity
Four-year-old Noam focuses on his own viewpoint and assumes that others perceive, think, and feel the same way he does. Noam’s thinking is __________.
egocentric
Children with persistent learning difficulties in reading and math are often deficient in __________.
working memory
Girls and (less consistently) boys with a history of family conflict tend to reach puberty __________, whereas those with warm, stable family ties tend to reach puberty __________.
early; relatively late
When putting together a puzzle with her son, Mim selects a puzzle that is slightly too difficult for him to put together alone and adjusts the support offered to her son to fit his current level of performance. Mim is engaging in __________.
scaffolding
According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is resolved negatively, a young person experiences __________.
role confusion
Piaget’s conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children’s thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features.
centration
In Enrique’s fourth-grade class, the teacher asks the children to attend to their own breathing or to manipulate an object held behind their backs while noticing how it feels. Enrique’s teacher is using __________ training to promote children’s __________.
mindfulness; executive function
Carlie engages in binge eating, followed by deliberate vomiting, purging with laxatives, excessive exercise, and strict dieting or even fasting. Carlie suffers from __________.
bulimia nervosa
Mounting evidence reveals that children with autism are impaired in __________.
theory of mind
Which parenting style is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence?
authoritative
Elias is shown 15 matchbox cars, 5 of which are blue and 10 of which are red. When asked, “Are there more red cars or cars?” Elias responds, “More red cars.” This class inclusion problem shows that Elias difficulty with __________.
hierarchical classification
According to Erikson, the danger in middle childhood is __________, reflected in the pessimism of children who lack confidence in their ability to do things well.
inferiority
Donette is extremely self-conscious. She believes that she is the focus of everyone else’s attention and concern. Donette is experiencing a cognitive distortion known as __________.
the imaginary audience
Adolescents who reach the formal operational stage of cognitive development are capable of __________.
hypothetico-deductive reasoning
Emelia accepts her family’s religious beliefs without question. She has never reconsidered them. She is characterized by identity __________.
foreclosure
Vygotsky saw __________ as the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.
language
Erikson’s sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates.
industry
Fifteen-year-old Mary, who has become critical of her parents and siblings, envisions a world with no injustice or discrimination. This is typical of the __________ that manifests from adolescents’ capacity to think about possibilities.
idealism
When faced with a problem, Kia, age 14, starts with a hypothesis from which she deduces logical, testable inferences. Kia is using __________.
hypothetico-deductive reasoning
When asked about his political beliefs, Paolo responds, “Oh, I don’t know. It doesn’t make much difference to me.” Paolo is demonstrating identity
diffusion