Invisible Rules, Real Patterns
Our unconscious knowledge of our mental grammar system is known by this term
Competence
This scientific approach focuses on observing and referencing how language is actually used without making value judgments
Descriptive Approach
Air originating in the lungs moves upward through this tube like structure
These speech sounds are produced with no major obstruction in the vocal tract so air flows relatively freely
Vowels
Consonants articulated by bringing the lower lip up against the upper teeth; such as the starting sound in fin or fan, are classified under this compound name
Labiodental (consonants)
This property means there is no natural or logical connection between a word's form and what it refers to
Arbitrariness
This approach acts like a stylistic manual dictating rules on how language 'should' be used
Prescriptive Approach
Air passes through two small muscular folds inside this box-like structure before entering the upper vocal tract
Larynx
What is described according to Place of Articulation, Manner of Articulation and Voicing?
Consonants
Speech sounds produced by bringing both the upper and lower lips together as articulators; such as the initial sounds in pin and bin, are known by this term
Bilabial (Consonants)
The ability of human language to communicate about events distant in time or space, as well as things that are not true, is called this
Displacement
In descriptive linguistics, a star or asterisk (*) placed at the beginning of a sentence marks this status
Unacceptability or Ungrammaticality
The upper portion of the throat located directly above the larynx is known by this anatomical name
Pharynx
When vocal folds are brought close together and vibrate during sound production, the sound is classified with this property
Consonants produced when the tongue blade protrudes directly between the upper and lower sets of teeth; such as the starting sounds in thin and then, are specifically termed this
Interdental (consonants)
This property allows speakers to repeat structural elements (like relative clauses) within themselves to create potentially infinite sentences
Prescriptive style guides often confuse personal style or dialectal variations with this structural concept
Grammaticality
This passage leading down to the stomach runs parallel behind the trachea
Esophagus
An individual speech sound or unit of speech that can form part of a word is called this
Phone
Consonants produced by moving the back of the tongue against the velum (soft palate); such as the initial sounds in kin and gone, are classified under this place of articulation
Velar ((or dorsovelar) Consonants)
We can distinguish distinct sound categories like [p] and [b] even when speech is obscured by an accent or illness because of this property
Discreteness
This approach to language often resists natural everyday language change because it rests on the subjective, opinion-based idea that a language can achieve an ideal state of perfection
Prescriptivism
Nasal sounds like [m] and [n] are produced when this soft palate structure lowers to open the passage to the nostrils
Velum
In articulatory descriptions, the moving organ (such as the tongue) is called what, while the target structure is called what?
Active articulator and Passive articulator
Consonants articulated by curling the tongue tip backward so that it points toward the hard palate; as in some pronunciations of run, receive this specific sound classification
Retroflex (consonants)