LINGUISTIC EXAM REVISING

FIGURES

100

Modern Linguistics began with this figure after his discover in 1786 that Sanskrit had affinities with Classical, Germanic, and Celtic languages

Sir William Jones 

200

Cognitive linguistic. LAD, competence vs performance, Universal Grammar, Mental Grammar

Noam Chomsky 

300

Rejected the idea that all speech is about information.
Introduced phatic communion: language used to build social contact  
Very important for pragmatics and sociolinguistics.

Bronislaw Malinowski 

400

Developed ethnography of communication- language is shaped by social and cultural context.
SPEAKING MODEL 

Dell Hymes 

500

Showed social class affects pronunciation. 

Studied AAVE as ruled-based, legitimate variety. 
Proved that variation is systematic, not random--- and socially meaningful

William Labov 

Terminology 1

100

Language as a system at one point in time. Eg. Modern English 

Synchrony 

200

A type of reference that points back to previously mentioned elements. 

Eg. "Sarah arrived late. She was tired" 

Anaphora 

300

Refers to context-dependent words. 

Types include 

Person: You, I, He, She
Spatial: Here, there
Temporal: now, then
Discourse: Referring to parts of the discourse ("as mentioned earlier")
Social: titles and honorifics (Sir, madam) 

Deixis 

400

Linguistic ties inside the text (Grammar + vocabulary)

Cohesion

500

Three strata language of SLF 

Semantic (meaning), Lexico-grammar (form), Phonology/Graphology (expression) 

Terminology 2

100

Language as a system of options. 

Closely tied to social purpose and context. 

SLF 

200

Overall sense of unity in context. 

Coherence 

300

Variation in language use, based on field (what), tenor (who), and mode (how)

Register 

400

Communication uses more than one mode (Type of meaning system) 

Multimodality 

500

This theory exists to explain irregularities in Indo-European languages by postulating lost sounds (laryngeals) that influenced surrounding vowels and syllables 

Laryngeal Theory 

FIGURES 2

100

American descriptivism. Focused on scientific, behaviorist approach to language.

Bloomfield 

200

Created Systemic Functional Linguistics SFL 

MAK Halliday 

300

coined "context of situation": meaning depends on social and situational factors. 

Famous quote: "you shall know a word by a company it keeps"--- collocation analysis

Founded the London School of Linguistics

A. Firth 

400

Generative Grammar was actually introduced by this figure and NOT Chomsky. Simply DEVELOPED  by Chomsky

Zellig Harris 

500

Said language is a structured system of signs governed by internal rules.

Saussurre