CHAPTER 1-
Introducing Linguistics
Introducing Linguistics
Scientific Study of Language
What is Linguistics?
The study of the minimal units of language
What is Phonetics?
Study of the patterns and sounds in a particular language or dialect
What is Phonology?
Study of words, how they are formed, and how they relate to other words
What is Morphology?
Part of Mental Grammar, represents how sentences/ phrases are built
First Definition of Syntax?
What we know when we know a language; the unconscious knowledge that a speaker has about her or his native language.
What is linguistic Competence?
-Sounds produced using an egressive (outgoing) airstream mechanism (i.e., air from lungs)
-American English consonants (and vowels) are all pulmonic sounds
What are Consonants?
The smallest element of sound in a language which is recognised by a native speaker as making a difference in meaning E.g. pig ang big /p/ and /b/
What is Phoneme?
Smallest most meaningful segment of linguistic expression
What is a morpheme?
Simply leaving out a phrase
What is Deletion?
consists of the collection of words that you know: what functions they serve, what they refer to, how they are pronounced, and how they are related to other words.
What is Lexicon?
sounds produced without any major interruption of the air flow through the vocal tract; articulators do not touch each other
What are vowels?
By friction /f/ - unvoiced, /v/ - voiced, /s/ - unvoiced, /z/ - voiced (manner)
What are fricatives?
A speaker's innate knowledge on grammar.
What is Universal Grammar?
Way of representing an abstract grammatical property (such as number, gender)
What are syntactic features?
socially embedded notion of the correct or proper ways to use a language
What is prescriptive grammar?
a system for transcribing the sounds of speech that is independent of any particular language but applicable to all languages
What is the IPA?
a term used to describe allophones that may be exchanged for one another in a particular phonetic context; for ex, a person may or may not nasalize the vowel in /pan/
What is free variation?
Bound vs. Free Morpheme
Bound- always attaches to other morphemes
Free- Stands alone
A branch of linguistics that describes our knowledge of how sentences are put together
Second Definition of Syntax?
The study of linguistic meaning
Semantics
airway to which the vocal cords are attached; between the pharynx and the trachea (voice box)
What is the larynx?
By explosion ending in friction /cheese/, /june/ (manner)
What is an Affricative?
A subgrouping of words, morphemes into one segment ex: Nuts--> Nut + S
What is constituents?
functional category including articles, demonstratives, and possessives; precede noun phrases
What are determiners?