Inferences
An educated guess that uses personal experience and text evidence
What is an inference?
A source can be either p______ or s________
What is primary and secondary?
This can be positive, negative, or neutral
What is the author's position?
Of the two events, this one MUST come first
What is a cause?
Which of the following quotes from the text supports the inference that playing video games together can help bring families closer together?
A. “Gaming with their children also offers parents ways to insert their own ‘teaching moment.”
B.“When you compare the video game exhibit to our other exhibits, we’re seeing a lot more men!”
C. “Instead of sharing a painting or a sculpture, a father may be showing his child how to play PAC-MAN. Then the child shows the parent how to play Flower.”
D. “You can help them identify appropriate fan communities where gamers discuss the games.”
Liam's wiggly tooth had been bothering him all day. When would it finally fall out? He bit into his apple and started chewing. All of the sudden he bit down on something hard...
What can you infer about Liam's wiggly tooth?
His tooth came out when he bit the apple!
He was chewing on his tooth
etc...
You can see unique perspectives
You can get more accurate information
You can better understand an event
These are examples of why...
Why is it important to look at multiple sources?
An author's position is an _______ that must be supported by ________ from the text.
What is an opinion? What is evidence?
Air pollution, through chemicals like nitrogen dioxide, causes acid rain
What is the cause and effect?
Cause: air pollution
Effect: Acid rain
Think about Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I have a dream speech." Now think about your Social Studies textbook presenting a lesson on civil rights. How would these sources be similar?
They would share the same topic. For 100 extra points tell me the topic they would share!
Jett picked himself up off the ground. He looked up the steep hill he had just come down. He dusted his clothes and checked for blood. Thank goodness he was wearing his helmet!
Make an inference about what happened to Jett.
He crashed while riding his bike
He hurt himself as a result of the crash
etc...
An eyewitness report
A firsthand account
Someone writing about their life
An original artifact
Unedited in any way
What is a primary source?
What evidence from the text supports the author’s claim that earthquakes cannot be easily predicted?
A. “Because these kinds of disasters are a force of nature, people have to deal with them.”
B. “Some disasters cannot be stopped.”
C. “Earthquakes do not last very long.”
D. “They can happen at any time, no matter what anyone is doing.”
What is D?
Because Caleb woke up late he missed his bus to school
What is the cause and effect?
Cause: Caleb woke up late
Effect: He missed his bus to school
Lets think again about Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I have a dream speech." Now think again about your Social Studies textbook presenting a lesson on civil rights. How would these sources be different?
MLK Jr.'s speech would be a primary source while your Social Studies textbook is secondary
Connor zoomed across the ice. The other team's goal was in his sight. He kept shot the puck and the crowd roared with excitement. "Way to go, Connor," Ben shouted!
What is an inference you can make about Connor?
He's playing hockey
He scored a goal
He's feeling happy
etc...
A retelling of events
Someone else's version
A copy of an artifact
An edited photo or video
Writing about someone else
What are secondary sources?
The author tells the reader that natural disasters can be difficult to predict. What evidence from the text supports his argument?
A. “There is very little time to get ready once it is known that an earthquake or tornado is going to hit. However, people can still prepare so that the disaster’s impact is not so serious.”
B. “Just like places that have earthquakes, places with tornadoes usually have codes to prevent buildings from being badly damaged. But sometimes codes cannot stop this natural disaster from doing a lot of damage.”
C. “While some places get more tornadoes than others, it is not easy to predict them. There may be warnings that they will happen, but tornadoes cannot be predicted in the same way as a rainstorm can, days before it happens.”
D. “Most earthquakes are small and don’t have much impact. But some can be very damaging, and if some places are not ready for impact, the damage can be much worse.”
What is C?
Addison knew she was going to be in big trouble when she knocked over the expensive vase.
What is the cause and effect?
Cause: Addison knocked over an expensive vase
Effect: she will be in big trouble
How can an author support the claim, "The important thing is to be prepared for a natural disaster, like a tornado or earthquake, so that there won’t be as much damage.”
A. “Although scientists are trying to find ways to predict these two natural disasters, it is still very hard to know when exactly they will hit and how much damage they will cause.”
B. “In places where earthquakes often strike, there are strict codes for buildings so that earthquakes do not cause serious destruction. These buildings must be built in such a way that they do not fall apart as a result of a big quake.”
C. “Some disasters cannot be stopped. These disasters include earthquakes and tornadoes. They almost always ruin whatever is in their path.”
D. “Earthquakes do not last very long. They mostly last less than a minute but can cause a lot of damage. This all depends on how big the quake is.”
What is B?
Ms. Littrell scraped herself off the couch. She was sick, but she still needed groceries. It was Saturday and she thought it was unlikely she'd see anyone she knew at the store. She threw on her ugliest sweatpants and got in her car. She was almost done shopping when she heard, "Hi Ms. Littrell!"
Make an inference...
Ms. Littrell saw one of her students
Ms. Littrell looks terrible
Ms. Littrell feels embarrassed
etc...
Even though Paul Revere's engraving was a primary source, and your TCI textbook is a secondary source, they both discussed the Boston Massacre. This is an example of how primary and secondary sources often discuss the same...
Animals stuck in zoos often catch diseases from each other due to unnaturally close quarters. These diseases spread quickly and animals die as a result. This is why we should close all zoos!
What is the author's position on zoos?
They are bad, they need to be closed, etc.
Due to construction on the road Elaina had to take a different route to school
What is the cause and effect?
Cause: construction on the road
Effect: Elaina took a different route to school
Humans have increased the temperature of the earth's atmosphere. This is called climate change. In city's like Phoenix human-made structures such as buildings, roads and parking lots hold onto daytime heat, releasing it slowly. As a result, temperatures stay high even in the dark of night.
1. What is the connection between humans and global climate change?
A. Cars, and factories release gases that break down the heat resulting in cooler temperatures.
B. Human made structures hold on to daytime heat causing temperatures to stay high even at night.
C. Too many greenhouse gases in the atmosphere result in heat escaping and cool air coming down.
D. The changing climate is resulting in an abundance of water available for growing crops.
What is B?