cells
What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?
Protects the brain from toxic chemicals and homeostasis
What are the different sections of the brain stem and what regulatory responses are they responsible for?
Mid brain- eye movement
Medulla- PYRAMIDS- contralateral movement, links spine to brain
Pons- relay station, breathing
Cerebellum- “little brain”, processes sensory info, fine tunes movement
What are the four stages of sleep? What happens during these stages?
Alpha- awake
REM- dreaming
N1/N2- deep sleep
N3- deep sleep, walk/talk
What are the three different types of hormones and how do they differ from each other?
Peptides: proteins, stored in surface membrane, act fast, bind receptors
Steroids: made in adrenal glands, not stored; made as needed, simple diffusion, long half life. They enter the cell and change gene expression, they can change the work of peptides. Thyroid hormones act like steroids
Amino-acid:
What causes a fast post synaptic response? A slow one?
Fast- ionotropic, direct ion flow
Slow- metabotropic, g-protein signals
What is the difference between grey and white matter?
Gray matter- unmyelinated, called nuclei
White Mater- myelinated, called tracts
What are the different parts of the diencephalon and what are they responsible for?
Hypothalamus- homeostasis, natural behaviors
Thalamus- integrating center
s
· Know the difference in the structure and function of different nerves (e.g. somatic sensory nerves are pseudounipolar)
Psuedounipolar- fast sensory transmission, somatic sensory
Bipolar- special sense, hearing/seeing
Multipolar- integration and complex processing
Differences between how lipophilic and lipophobic hormones work
Lipophilic hormones can enter cell membranes, lipophobic need channels, receptors, or transporters to enter cells.
Hormone interactions (difference between synergism, permissiveness and antagonism)
Synergism- two hormones work together
Permissiveness- one hormone needs another to work all of the way
Antagonism- two work against eachother
· How is the brain protected from concussive trauma?
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
What does the cerebrum do?
Sensory processing, motor control
language
What is the resting membrane potential and how is it created?
Potassium concentration Gradient
How are the anterior and posterior pituitary different?
Anterior- true endocrine section
Posterior- just oxytocin and ADH
· What are Schwann and oligodendricite cells and what is their purpose?
Schwann- PNS, oligodendricite- CNS, myelin sheath runs faster
What information travels on the white matter of the spinal cord? On the grey matter?
White matter- sensory info to brain
Sensory processing
What are the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe all responsible?
Frontal- voluntary movement, speech production, reasoning
Parietal- sensory processing, language interpretation
Temporal- memory forming, wernickes area, hearing
Occipital lobe- sight, visual interpretation
What is the threshold?
-55mV and -70mV resting potential
· What is acetylcholinesterase and why is it important?
Ends the signal
Difference between ion gates and G proteins
ion gates- channels that open and close to allow movement
G Proteins- Molecular switches inside cells
What information travels on the ventral horn? On the dorsal horn?
Ventral- motor from CNS to muscles and glands
Dorsal- carry sensory from afferent nuclei
What are the four main neurotransmitters of the behavioral system and what do they do?
Dopamine- reward
Norepinephrine- arousal, attention
Serotonin- mood regulation, appetite
Acetylcholine- learning, memory, attention
What is the difference between nicotinic and muscarinic receptors
Nico- light switch, on or off, fast
Muscarinic- dimmer switch, slower
· What is the difference between a tonic and phasic nerve?
Tonic- slower and continues
Phasic- fast-adapting
How are neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft (3 ways)?
Diffusion out of the cell
Enzymatic degradation
Reuptake into cell