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Gene Structure and Expression
Gene Structure and Expression Part 2
Protein Synthesis and Function
Cancer Biology and Tumour Cell Defects
Cancer Biology and Tumour Cells Defects Part 2
100
Transcription in eukaryotes begins in this genomic region due to the fact that less energy is required to initially break the hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous bases.
What is the TATA region?
100
Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic transcription occur in this direction.
What is 5' to 3', or Downstream?
100
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously. In eukaryotes, this is not the case. Translation occurs in this cellular location in eukaryotes.
What is the Cytoplasm (or Cytosol)?
100
This condition is characterized by disorganized cellular growth above the basal lamina, and it is a characteristic type of growth in cervical cancer.
What is Dysplasia?
100
The absence of these genes can contribute to uncontrolled cell proliferation.
What are Tumour Suppressor Genes?
200
A and G are classified as this variety of nitrogenous base due to their double ring structure.
What is a Purine?
200
Most modular proteins that affect transcription have an alpha-helix structure that allows them to insert into this part of DNA.
What is the Major Groove? (sounds funky)
200
tRNAs have a cloverleaf secondary structure. The binding site for amino acids is at one end of the structure, while the opposite end is the site of this complementary base pair that aids in translation.
What is an Anticodon?
200
Tumour growth can be classified as benign or malignant depending on its rating on this scale, a measure of the relative number of dividing cells to the number of non-dividing cells.
What is the Mitotic Index?
200
Angiogenesis can be stimulated by this signalling protein.
What is Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). (accept: HIF-1)
300
Portions of bacterial mRNA that code for the production of more than one protein are known as this.
What is Polycistronic?
300
This domain-binding motif is characterized by the hydrophobic interaction of its eponymous amino acid residues, providing an area for dimerization.
What is a Leucine Zipper?
300
In bacteria, translation is initiated when the small ribosomal subunit binds to this sequence of mRNA, named after an Australian scientist who was awarded the Gottschalk Medal in 1982 by the Australian Academy of Science.
What is the Shine-Dalgarno Sequence?
300
A cell undergoing apoptosis will shrink and disintegrate into small pieces known as these.
What are Blebs?
300
A cancer developing within a gland is known as this.
What is an Adenoma?
400
The second carbon atom of a sugar is RNA and DNA is a differentiable factor between the two holders of genetic information. In RNA, this atom is attached to this functional group.
What is a Hydroxyl functional group?
400
Small Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins form these complexes that have a role in post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNA
What are Spliceosomes?
400
A peptide bond is the result of a condensation reaction between two amino acids, and it joins these two functional groups.
What is a Carboxylic Acid and an Amine?
400
Ultraviolet radiation can result in this type of mutation that could involve two thymine bases.
What is Pyrimidine Dimer Formation?
400
A diagnostic treatment that lacks specificity will result in many of these results, potentially leading to costly follow-ups and anxiety.
What are False Positives?
500
The break down of lactose into galactose and glucose within the inducible lac operon system of E. coli is facilitated by this enzyme.
What is ß-galactosidase?
500
Sickle-cell anemia is the result of this variety of mutation (Note: must be specific).
What is a Missense Mutation? (Glutamic Acid --> Valine)
500
Interactions between two cysteine amino groups within a polypeptide can result in this type of bond essential to the formation of the tertiary and quaternary folding of a protein.
What is a Disulphide Bridge Bond?
500
Name all six hallmarks of cancer.
What is... 1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals 2. Insensitivity to anti-growth signals 3. Evasion of apoptosis 4. Limitless Replicative Potential 5. Sustained Angiogenesis 6. Tissue Invasion and Metastasis
500
The Philadelphia Chromosome is the result of a chromosomal translocation between these two chromosomes.
What are Chromosome 9 and Chromosome 22?