LKK Jeopardy

❤️ Heart 1️

10

Where does pulmonary circulation start from ?

Right ventricle.

20

Where does pulmonary circulation end ?

Left atrium.

30

Which side of the heart contains deoxygenated blood ?

Right

40

The (1) ________ is a valve with two flaps in the heart that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle. 

The (2) ________ is on the right dorsal side of the heart, at the superior portion of the right ventricle.

(1) Bicuspid Valve  / Left Atrioventricular Valve/ Mitral Valve

(2) Tricuspid valve / Right Atrioventricular Valve

50

Name TWO common cardiovascular diseases associated with seniors in Singapore

1. High Blood Pressure

2.  Atherosclerosis 

3. Stroke

4. Myocardial Infarction 

5. Congestive Heart Failure

❤️ Heart 2

10

The systole is the part of the cardiac cycle during which some the heart muscles in the following chamber contract after refilling with blood. 

Ventricles

20

Diastole is the part of the cardiac cycle during which the heart refills with blood after the emptying done during systole. Which chambers of the heart do muscular contraction take place in order for the diastole to take place ?

Atria

30

What is the name of the large vein which courses towards the right atrium of the heart, returning deoxygenated blood from the body.

Superior vena cava

40

Fill in the blanks

The (1)_____ carries deoxygenated blood from the (2) _____ ventricle to the lungs. The blood here passes through capillaries adjacent to alveoli and becomes oxygenated as part of the process of respiration.

(1) pulmonary artery

(2) right

50

Identify TWO age related changes to the cardiovascular system.

1. arterial stiffening

2. endothelial dysfunction promoting vasoconstriction

3. elevated systolic blood pressure and increased pulse pressure

4. increased left ventricular wall thickness

5. reduced early diastolic filling

6. impaired cardiac reserve

7. alterations in heart rate rhythm

8. prolonged cardiac action potential

9. a decline in renal function that contributes to improper maintenance of extracellular fluid volume and composition.

💨Lungs 1

10

What are the paranasal sinuses ?

Paranasal sinuses are a group of four paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity.

Maxillary sinuses - under the eyes
Frontal sinuses - above the eyes
Ethmoidal sinuses -  between the eyes
Sphenoidal sinuses - behind the eyes

20

What is the correct order regarding the flow of air into the airways prior to encountering the circulatory system ?

1. pharynx
2. larynx
3. trachea
4. bronchi
5. bronchioles
6. alveoli

30

Identify TWO changes in structure for the respiratory system associated with ageing.

1. Structural (anatomic changes in the lungs) such as
- disruption of elastin fibres
- decrease in diameter of small bronchioles
- enlargement of terminal airspaces
- loss of total alveolar surface area
- decrease in number of capillaries per alveolus

2. Respiratory System Changes
- decrease in mucociliary clearance efficiency
- decrease in respiratory muscle function
- decrease in chest wall compliance

3. Changes in Lung Physiology and Function
- decrease in lung elastic recoil
- increase in residual volume
- decrease in FVC and forced expiratory flows
- decrease in inspiratory capacity

40

Name TWO common respiratory diseases associated with ageing.

1. Emphysema
2. Chronic bronchitis
(1 & 2 = Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD))
3. Pneumonia
4. Lung Cancer

50

Name TWO risk factors giving rise to respiratory diseases in the elderly in Singapore.

1. Dysfunctional immune defence mechanisms
- immune suppression, drugs, systemic disease, age associated decline

2. Predisposition to aspiration of upper airway
- CNS dysfunction, swallowing disorders

3. Depressed clearance mechanisms
- mechanical reflexes, oral clearance, mucociliary clearance

4. Lifestyle of the LKK
- smoking, alcohol smoking, viral infection, chronic diseases (eg. diabetes)

💨Lungs 2

10

What are the products during respiration ?

CO₂
H₂O

ATP

20

Small tubes that branch off the bronchi and carry air to the alveoli = (1) _________

Small sacs with thin walls and a dense network of capillaries. Together make a large surface area = (2) _________

(1) Bronchioles

(2) Alveoli

30

Cardiorespiratory fitness is a measure of which TWO features of the body ?

1.the body’s ability to transport oxygen to the muscles during prolonged exercise

2.the ability of the muscles to absorb and use the oxygen, once it has been delivered, to generate energy

40

What is VO₂ max a measure of ?

VO₂ max, also known as maximal oxygen uptake, is the measurement of the maximum amount of oxygen a person can utilize during intense exercise. 

VO₂ max is the gold standard of the measurement of a person’s cardiovascular fitness. It is influenced by: age, gender, genetics, training

50

What is the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and health ?

Persons with higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have a lower risk of all-cause death and coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease compared to persons with lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness, according to an analysis of previous studies.