ANATOMY CARDIO
Name the 4 chambers of the heart:
Right Atrium
Left Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Ventricle
Define Arteriosclerosis and Atherosclerosis.
Arteriosclerosis is a stiffing of the arteries with loss of elasticity and scaring of wall lining.
Atherosclerosis is the buildup of fats on the arterial vessel lining with an inflammatory response further worsening the narrowing of the vessel lumen.
Often both are present in cardiac and Peripheral vascular diseases.
CHF (Congestive heart Failure) is a failure of the heart to pump effectively. This leads to fluid overload. what is the definition of EDEMA?:
A) An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid
B) A decrease in intracellular fluid
C) An increase of intravascular fluid.
Name the functional unit of the kidney:
A) Hepatocyte
B) Nephron
C) Neuron
D) Beta Cell
In response to low RBC (Red Blood Cell) production or hypoxia due to COPD, the kidneys secrete this Hormone that signals the bone marrow to increase production of RBCs
A) Glucagon
B) Renin
C) Vasopressin
D) Erythropoietin
VEINS carry ________blood to the heart and Arteries carry___________blood away from the heart
Veins deoxygenated
Arteries oxygenated
Bradycardia is less than____Beats per Minute?:
A) 100
B) 50
C) 80
D) 60
Name the 3 fluid compartments of the human body and approximate fluid volumes of each compartment in healthy individuals:
Intracellular - ~ 28 liters
Intravascular - ~ 4 liters
Interstitial - ~ 10 liters
In response to low pressure specialized cells in the kidney secrete this Hormone:
A) Renin
B) somatotropin
C) Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
D) Epinephrine
Diuretics that cause a loss of potassium are classed as potassium losing diuretics. What are the 2 classes:
A) Thiazide and Loop diuretics
B) Spironlactone and Triamterene
C) Osmotic diuretics
Blood pressure is controlled by this type of artery?:
A) large arteries
B) small arteries - ARTERIOLES
C) Large Veins
D) small veins - VENULES
TACYCARDIA is greater than _____heart beats per minute?:
A) 100
B) 120
C) 80
D) 150
Your patient is taking Digoxin to treat his Congestive Heart Failure. You must take his/her apical pulse for a full minute and hold the dose for an apical pulse rate less than_____
A) 100
B) 80
C) 40
D) 60
The primary mineral involved in maintaining normal fluid balance in the human body is__________?:
A) Potassium (K+)
B) Calcium (CA++)
C) Phosphorus
D) Sodium (NA+)
How much does a of water (EDEMA) weigh?:
A) 10 pounds
B) 2.2 pounds
C) 5 pounds
D) 1 pound
Name the only veins that carry oxygenated blood and the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood:
Pulmonary Veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from heart to the lungs.
What are the adrenergic receptors located in heart and what do they do to the heart rate in response to the neurotransmitter adrenaline (epinephrine)?:
A) Beta 2 receptors - decrease heart rate
B) Alpha 1 receptors - decrease force of heart contractions
C) Beta 1 receptors - increase heart rate
D) M2 receptors - increase heart rate
Your patient c/o a yellow halo in their visual field. This is a sign of_________toxicity:
A) Dilantin
B) Digoxin
C) Metoprolol
D) Serotonin
What is the most effective class of Diuretics used to treat EDEMA?:
A) Thiazide diuretics
B) Loop diuretics
C) Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
The kidney is the organ that__________the blood.
A) Filters
B) metabolizes
C) circulates
D) produces
The heart's pacemaker is the SINOATRIAL NODE. Normal sinus rhythm is ______ to ______heart beats per minute:
A) 60 to 100 BPM
B) 80 to 100 BPM
C) 50 to 90 BPM
D) 70 to 120 BPM
Digoxin is used to treat Congestive Heart Failure. What are the 2 mechanisms of action?:
A) slow heart rate and increase force of contractions
B) increase heart rate and increase force of contractions
C) slow heart rate and decrease force of contractions
These arteries supply the heart its oxygen supply:
A) Afferent arterioles
B) Brachial artery
C) Carotid arteries
D) Coronary Arteries
Name the 2 potassium losing diuretic classes:
Loop diuretics
Thiazide diuretics
Your patient has c/o overactive bladder with urgency and frequency of urination. The drug Detrol has been ordered. What is the mechanism of action of Detrol - what is its classification - what side of the autonomic system is being blocked
Detrol targets the Muscarinic smooth muscle receptors of the detrusor muscle of the bladder. These Muscarinic receptors normally respond to the parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter Acetylcholine - hence this is an anticholinergic drug or Muscarinic receptors antagonist.