What are the three areas that make up the triple helix model of innovation (TH)?
What is Government, Academia, and Industry?
What are the four areas recognized in the quadruple helix model?
What is: Government, Academia, Industry, and Civil Society?
What is a learning city?
This concept has been in use since the 1990s. It is described as the use of information and communication technology (ICT) to enhance existing urban infrastructures.
What is smart urbanism (SU)?
This is a city which implements smart urbanism.
What is the smart city?
This concept was popularized by Etienne Wenger. It refers to a group of people who share a concern about specific topics and meet regularly to collaborate, and to construct and improve knowledge.
What is Community of Practice (CoP?
This bottom-up approach promotes the creation and restoration of diverse, walkable, compact, mixed-use, interconnected communities and open spaces to improve the quality of life of citizens.
What is New Urbanism?
What is education and lifelong learning?
This additional helix highlights the importance of a social dimension in the innovation-generating process. It is the driving force with the capacity to move innovation from a narrow technological focus towards becoming a tool for addressing urban challenges in a sustainable manner.
What is civil society?
This model combines top-down and bottom-up approaches to innovation by recognizing that civil society plays an active part in the innovation system.
What is the quadruple helix (QH) model?