THOUGHT AND REASONING
Elements of the structure of thought
Are concept, judgment, and reasoning
What are the logical principles?
They are the rules that govern every correct form of thinking, these logical principles are what explain the validity of thinking.
When and who proposed the name "syllogism"?
It was Aristotle in Ancient Greece
How many types of fallacies are there?
There are 8 types of fallacies
How Modern Logic was developed?
It was developed in the 19th century by the Englishmen George Boole and Augustus de Morgan, followed by the German mathematician Gottlob Frege.
What is a judgment?
Is a complex mental operation that enunciates the relationship between two or more concepts
What does the logical identity principle mean?
Every object is identical to itself.
Example: P is identical to P, P = P
What is the number of premises that this can present?
It can only have 2 premises
What is the fallacy of attack on the person?
It is to be against the argument of a person and the position of this
How is the language of modern logic?
It is artificial, and its purpose is to pay attention to the structure and validity of the arguments
What is the reasoning?
Is one of the most complex operations since it implies the coherent relation between two judgments
What does the principle of sufficient reason mean?
Everything has a sufficient reason to explain it.
Example: A is the reason for B
What is the structure of a syllogism?
It must have a major premise, minor premise, middle-term and conclusion
What are the best-known types of fallacies?
They are by generalization, ignorance and popularity
What is the quantitative logic?
It is the one that is based on the relations of quantity within its propositions
What are the two types of reasoning?
The types of reasoning can be deductive and inductive
What does the principle of the excluded third mean?
Having two statements that contradict each other, necessarily one of them must be false and the other true.
What are the types of propositions or judgments of a syllogism?
A: universal affirmative
E: universal negative
I: affirmative particular
O: negative particular
What is the fallacy of the petition of principle?
It consists of putting one of the premises as a conclusion
What is propositional logic?
It is the one that deals with analyzing the reasonings formally
What are the elements of the structure of the argument?
The premisses and the conclusion
What does the principle of non-contradiction mean?
It is impossible to affirm that a proposition is false and true at the same time and under the same circumstances.
What is the middle term in a syllogism?
It is what is repeated in the premises
What are the fallacies?
They are incorrect, misleading arguments can be persuasive because they appear to be logical (lies that seem true)
What does class logic mean?
It is the one that focuses on whether or not it belongs to an element within a set, based on its properties