Definitions
Inductive logic
what are the three acts of the mind?
simple apprehension
Judgements
Inferences
This philosopher applied logic to categories that do not exist
Thomas Aquinas
George Boole
William of Ockham
John Stuart Mill
George Boole
what is class inclusion
It is where one category is included in another
Explain the difference between formal and informal arguments:
Formal arguments look at the form and are structural. They are arguments with oneself.
Informal arguments look at the weight of the evidence. They are dialectical in nature.
Deductive Logic
Whole to part. General to specific. Logic with ones 'self. Absolute certainty. Formal logic.
Give an example of judgements
answer may vary
This philosopher focused on cause-and-effect relationships in logic:
Francis Bacon
George Boole
William of Ockham
John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill
Draw on paper the class inclusion of All dogs are animals
Answers may vary
Explain why deductive arguments are referred to as valid or invalid, whereas inductive arguments are referred to as strong or weak.
Deductive logic checks if an argument is structured correctly, so it is valid or invalid.
Inductive logic focuses on the strength of the evidence. It uses probability s it is either strong or weak.
Evidence
Facts used to support conclusion
What are the three categorical building blocks
terms, propositions, and arguments
Philos means:
Lover
wisdom/truth
Philosophy
File
Lover
If you have the proposition of:
All humans have legs
WHAT WOULD BE IN THE BIG CIRCLE AND WHAT WOULD BE IN THE SMALLER CIRCLE?
Things with legs would be in the big circle, humans would be in the small circle
Explain the differences between logical argument and an explanation.
An argument makes a case for or against something/includes persuasion.
An explanation offers a reason or tries to help someone understand something
Syllogism
deductive argument made up of 3 sentences. 2 premises, 1 conclusion
match the building blocks of categorical logic with the 3 acts of the mind:
Simple apprehension-->terms
Judgement-->propositions
Inferences-->arguments
Who enjoyed studying propositions that did not fit Aristotle’s system of Logic?
Stoics
Please draw a diagram showing the class inclusion of
Sam is a man
All cats have whiskers
All felines are animals
Sam is on the inside. All men is on the outside
Cats is on the inside. Whiskers on outside.
Felines on inside. Animals on outside.
Why did philosophers prefer deductive logic over inductive logic?
They preferred deductive because philosophers are lovers of truth. As lovers of truth they want their logic t be based on truth and certainty.
Inductive Inference
Making a general conclusion based off observations
Please extrapolate the three acts of the mind from this example:
You are walking into a pet store and see an animal named Teddy. Teddy is a cockapoo. You know Cockapoos are a breed of dog, so you conclude that Teddy is a dog. Identify the simple apprehension, judgements, and the inference:
Apprehension: Teddy, Dog, Cockapoo
Judgement: teddy is a cockapoo; Cockapoos are dogs
Inference: Teddy is a dog
Inductive reasoning tends to start with _______ that we can observe and compile. It often works toward ______________ that are reasonably accurate with more or less ___________. This means that inductive reasoning does not lend itself to absolute ____________.
EVIDENCE; GENERALIZATIONS; PROBABILITY; CERTAINTY
try to create a class inclusion with 3 circles for:
All dogs are animals.
Oscar is a dog.
So, Oscar is an animal.
Big circle--> animals
middle circle-->dogs
Smallest circle-->Oscar
Explain how people use the three acts of the mind when they make arguments (with an example):
Answers may vary:
They use simple apprehension to categorize things
They use Judgement when relating two categories to one another
They use inferences when making conclusions based on judgements