Intro
A basic structure in deductive arguments is called?
Syllogism
Stealing is wrong, because if you do it you’ll go to Hell.
Appeal To Force
Answer inductive or deductive reasoning.
Johnny is a bachelor. All bachelors are single. Therefore, Johnny is single.
Deductive reasoning.
A conclusion together with the premise that supports it.
Argument
If I go to sleep before 11pm, I feel good.
I went to sleep before 11 pm.
Therefore, I feel good.
Modus Ponens (Valid)
You have a headache?”, “Oh no… you could be dehydrated or might have the Black Death!”
Ockham's Razor - Because Occam’s razor shows it’s much more likely that you’re dehydrated or suffering from a common cold.
Sydney learned a lot from our last company retreat. We need to spend a large portion of our budget sending our entire company on annual retreats so that we can all learn.
Hasty Generalization
Jennifer leaves for school at 7 am and is on time. Therefore, if Jennifer leaves for school at 7 am she will always be on time.
Inductive reasoning.
The claim being supported by the premise or premises.
Conclusion
If I am the Prime Minister, then I am a Canadian citizen.
I'm not a Canadian citizen.
Therefore, I'm not the Prime Minister.
Modus Tollens (Valid)
Fires, Shadows, Chains
Allegory of the Cave
Smoking crack is against the law because it's wrong; I know it's wrong because it is against the law.
Begging the Question
All the swans we have seen are white; therefore, all swans are white.
Inductive reasoning.
An argument that has at least one false premise.
Unsound/Reject
If I don’t listen to the lesson, then I will be confused.
I am confused.
Therefore, I didn’t listen to the lesson.
Affirm Consequent (Invalid)
I had Covid over March break...sort of.
Law of Excluded Middle
One day robots will enslave us all. It's true. My computer science teacher says so.
Dubious Authority
My dog runs 25 mph. I run 14 mph. What can be concluded?
Deductive reasoning; My dog is faster than me.
A statement that is either true or false
Proposition
If Sam sees Tammy at work, he will be happy.
Sam did not see Tammy at work.
Sam is cheesed.
Denying the Antecedent.
Sam can be cheesed (upset) due to anything, it doesn't have to be because of Tammy.
The idea that a proposition cannot be true and false at the same time in the same respect.
Law of Noncontradiction
If you give a man a gun, he may kill someone. If he has no gun, then he will not kill anyone.
Denying the Antecedent
Mary and Sue are friends. Mary enjoys fishing, running and rock climbing. Sue likes fishing and rock climbing.
Inductive reasoning; Sue must also like running.
An argument whose premises genuinely support its conclusion.
All ducks quack. Donald is a duck. Therefore, Donald quacks.
Syllogism