Proposition Translating
Translate: "Socrates was a philosopher."
What is "All [Socrates] is [a philosopher]"? (Singulars are treated as Universals).
According to the Rules of Distribution, the Predicate term in a Universal Affirmative (A) proposition ("All S is P") is always this.
What is Undistributed?
Translate: "History never repeats itself."
What is "No [history] is [that which repeats itself]"? (E proposition).
If the E proposition "No men are mortal" is True, then the I proposition must be this.
What is False?
Translate: "He who laughs last, laughs best."
What is "All [he who laughs last] is [he who laughs best]"? (A proposition).
This is the only type of categorical proposition (A, E, I, or O) in which both the Subject and the Predicate terms are distributed.
What is E (Universal Negative)?
Translate: "Only the adventurous can understand the greatness of the past."
What is "All [those who can understand the greatness of the past] are [the adventurous]"? (Exclusive proposition: "Only S is P" becomes "All P is S").
If a proposition with two undistributed terms (an I) is False, this is the truth value of the proposition with a distributed Predicate and undistributed Subject (an O).
What is True? (I and O are Subcontraries; if one is False, the other must be True)
Translate: "None think the great unhappy but the great."
What is "All [those who think the great unhappy] are [the great]" (or "No [non-great] are [those who think the great unhappy]")? (Exclusive "None but" translates to "All P is S").
If the proposition that distributes only the Predicate is False, this is the truth value of the proposition that distributes both terms.
What is False? (If O is False, its contradictory A is True; if A is True, its contrary E is False. Alternatively: Falsity flows upward from Subalternate O to Universal E).