Encoding in Long-Term Memory
What is the process of encoding in long-term memory?
Encoding describes how information is processed and represented in memory.
What is the difference between explicit and implicit memory tasks?
Explicit memory tests require recalling or recognizing information, but implicit memory tasks require executing a cognitive activity, such as filling in a word with missing letters.
What is the role of schemas in autobiographical memory?
Schemas can alter the recollection of a flashbulb memory by affecting both proactive and retroactive interference. Also, inaccurate post-event information might have a negative impact on memory accuracy.
According to the levels-of-processing approach, what type of processing leads to better memory retention?
Deep, meaningful processing improves memory retention compared to superficial, sensory processing.
Describe the memory performance of individuals with anxiety disorders on explicit and implicit memory tasks.
People with anxiety disorders tend to recall more anxiety-provoking phrases on implicit memory tests than others, although their performance on explicit recognition tasks may be comparable.
How does expertise influence long-term memory?
Experts usuallyy have well-organized information structures and vivid visual pictures, providing cognitive benefits. Expertise is context-dependent and can influence memory accuracy in some disciplines.
How does the self-reference effect influence memory accuracy?
Memory is usually more accurate when the stimuli are relevant to one's personal experience.
What are the memory characteristics of individuals with retrograde amnesia?
Individuals with retrograde amnesia struggle to recollect events that occurred prior to brain injury.
Explain the own-ethnicity bias in memory recognition.
The own-ethnicity bias says that people are more accurate in identifying faces from their own ethnic group due to their knowledge, making these faces more distinguishable.
Describe the encoding-specificity principle and provide an example.
The encoding-specificity principle states that recollection is more accurate when the retrieval context matches the encoding context. For example, if you attempt to recollect where you left your keys in the same room you were in when you last had them, you may remember them more easily.
How do individuals with anterograde amnesia perform on explicit and implicit memory tasks?
People with anterograde amnesia may not recall much on explicit memory tests, yet they often do as well as others on implicit memory tasks.
Describe the role of emotions in memory and how it can affect recall.
Emotions influence memory accuracy, with people recalling pleasant stimuli more accurately than unpleasant stimuli. The emotional context during encoding also affects retrieval.
How do emotional factors influence memory accuracy?
People tend to recall pleasant stimuli better than unpleasant ones, and memory can be altered by the emotional environment in which the information was first exposed.
Explain the post-event misinformation effect in eyewitness testimony.
The post-event misinformation effect happens when false information is supplied after a witness experienced an event, causing errors in memory recall.
What are flashbulb memories, and why are they not always accurate?
Flashbulb memories are rich with information and often involve national tragedies. However, even these memories are not always accurate, as our memories can be influenced by factors like post-event misinformation.