Types of Long-Term Memory
What type of long-term memory stores personal experiences and events?
Episodic memory
What type of processing focuses on surface features such as sound or appearance?
Shallow processing
What principle states that memory improves when learning and testing contexts match?
Encoding specificity principle
What type of memory task requires conscious recall of information?
Explicit memory
What bias explains why people recognize faces of their own ethnic group more accurately?
Own-ethnicity bias
What type of memory stores general facts and knowledge about the world?
Semantic memory
What type of processing focuses on meaning and understanding?
Deep processing
Why do bilingual individuals recall information better when tested in the same language they learned it?
Because retrieval matches encoding
What type of memory task measures memory without conscious awareness?
Implicit memory
What effect occurs when misleading information changes a person’s memory of an event?
Post-event misinformation effect
What type of memory allows you to perform skills like driving or riding a bike?
Procedural memory
Which researchers proposed the levels-of-processing theory?
Craik and Lockhart
Why are laboratory results on encoding specificity sometimes inconsistent?
Because of differences in testing methods and context
What is repetition priming?
Improved response due to prior exposure
What is source monitoring?
Identifying where a memory came from
Which type of memory is most affected in individuals with amnesia?
Episodic memory
Why does deep processing improve memory according to research?
It increases elaboration and distinctiveness
How can encoding specificity sometimes be stronger than deep processing?
When retrieval conditions match shallow encoding
What is dissociation in memory research?
When one variable affects one memory task but not another
What principle states that people remember pleasant information better than unpleasant information?
Pollyanna principle
How does autobiographical memory differ from episodic memory?
Not all autobiographical memories are episodic
Why does personal relevance improve memory performance?
Because of the self-reference effect
How can understanding encoding specificity help students study more effectively?
By matching study methods to exam format
Why do amnesic patients often perform normally on implicit memory tasks?
Because implicit memory does not rely on episodic recall
Why is eyewitness confidence not a reliable indicator of accuracy?
Confidence and accuracy are weakly related