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Bone/joint Anatomy
Muscle/vessel anatomy
bone metabolism
osteoporosis
miscellaneous
100
What is the name of this bone, and is it left or right?
Left Femur
100
Name two muscles in the "lateral" thigh group?
Tensor fascia lata, gluteus medius
100
From what do osteocytes arise?
Trapped Osteoblasts
100
What is the test that defines osteoporosis/osteopenia disctinctions?
T score (BMD), from DEXA
100
Name 3 types of bone fracture and briefly describe them
Open, closed, complete, incomplete (eg greenstick), multifragmentary, compression, impact, stress...
200
Name this boney feature
Tubercle of iliac crest
200
Name 3 muscles in the deep posterior leg group and the function of these muscles?
Tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus and plantarflexion and inversion
200
Osteoclasts arise from mesenchyme - T or F?
False, are derived from WBCs. Osteoblasts are.
200
What are the t scores which define normal BMD, osteopenia and osteoporosis
Normal >-1, Osteopenia <-1, >-2.5, osteoporosis <-2.5
200
Name two instances in which the dorsiflexors are used in walking
During swing, and after heel strike to prevent rapid shift from dorsiflexion to plantarflexion (footslap)
300
What type of joint is the ankle joint and what sort of movement does it allow? (Bonus Question: what is the name of the ankle joint?)
modified synovial hinge joint. mainly plantar/dorsi flexion, with some additional rotation possible, but this is also provided by other joints within the ankle/foot.
300
What are the arterial, vein and nerve supply to the medial thigh group?
Obturator a,v,n
300
What are the three main components of the bone ECM/ICS? C____, G____, H_____
Collagen, Ground Substance, Hydroxyapatite
300
How do bisphosphonates work?
1) cytotoxic atp analogues 2) inhibit prenylation, impair trafficking, initiate apoptosis
300
What is represented by the A and I bands in the sarcomere?
A is the dark band of myosin filaments, I is the light band of actin (thin) filaments
400
What is indicated by X on this image, and name one muscle that attaches here.
Gluteal Tuberosity. Gluteus maximus
400
What are origins of the triceps surae muscles?
soleus - soleal line (fibula and media tibia) gastrocnemius - later and medial condyles of femur
400
What are the different types of growth possible in bone, and in cartilage (A_____ and I_____ growth). What does each type involve?
Appositional (in bone and cartilage) - addition of layers, increase in thickness. And interstitial growth (in cartilage) - cell division
400
Name 4 risk factors for osteopororis
Poor childhood growth, malnurtrition/absorpotion, ethnicitiy, fh, muscle defecits, decreased activity, chronic inflam, glucocorticoids, age>65 and post menopause, hyperparathyroidism, hypogonadism
400
What does PTH do in relation to bone metabolism?
Stimulates osteoclast activity to increase blood calcium. (also increases calcium conservation in the kidneys and decreases phosphate)
500
Name 2 muscles that insert to the greater trochanter?
Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus, Piriform (also obturator and gemelli muscles)
500
Describe the order of the following muscles from medial to lateral: tensor fascia lata, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, gracilis, biceps femoris
Gracilis, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femorus, tensor fascia lata
500
Name two differences between intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification
intramembranous: mesenchyme --> bone, in flat bones. Endochondral ossification: mesenchyme --> cartilage --> bone. in long bones
500
Name a non nitrogen containing, and a nitrogen containing, bisphosphonate.
Non nitrogen containing (etidronate), nitrogen containing (alendronate, risedoranate).
500
Name 2 advantages of MRI over CT scan, and vice versa
MRI: less radiation, higher soft tissue resolution; CT: 3d, cheaper, shorter waiting period