Durkheim 1
This is the "state of consciousness" that is "profane," "material," "egoistic."
The body, strictly individual - "The Dualism of Human Nature and its Social Conditions"
Society's role in regulating contracts cannot be...
"reduced to a passive one... It has also to determine in what conditions they are capable of being executed and restore them to their normal form" (169). “Whenever a contract exists, it is submitted to a regulatory force that is imposed by society and not by individuals: it is a force that becomes ever more weighty and complex… the contracting parties are not unlimited… must satisfy the conditions for validity laid down by law” (166)
Legal, traditional, and charismatic are...
the three pure/ideal types of legitimate authority
This term is the probability that by virtue of habituation a command will receive prompt and automatic obedience in stereotyped forms, on the part of a given group of persons.
Discipline (p. 16). habituation uncritical and unresisting mass obedience.
Through the division of labor, men/people need one another, and so they...
bind to one another by contract (167).
This is what contractual law epitomizes/expresses.
"Contractual law exists to determine the legal consequences of those of our acts that we have not settled beforehand. It expresses the normal conditions for attaining equilibrium, as they have evolved gradually from the average case. Epitomizing numerous, varied experiences, it foresees what we could not do individually; what we could not regulate is regulated, and this regulation is mandatory upon us, the work of society and tradition. It constrains us to respect obligations for which we have not contracted… entails consequences that go beyond the limits of the contract itself. We cooperate because we have wished to do so, but our voluntary cooperation creates for us duties that we have not desired” (168) “The law of contract determines in advance what we should do and what we can demand."
This term is the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his own will despite resistance.
Power (on page 15)
After the army, this agency trains men for discipline.
“The discipline of the army gives birth to all discipline. The large-scale economic organization is the second great agency which trains men for discipline” (37). “Military discipline is the ideal model for the modern capitalist factory” (38) “the optimal profitability of the individual worker is calculated like that of any material means of production” “The ever-widening grasp of discipline irresistibly proceeds with the rationalization of the supply of economic and political demands. This universal phenomenon increasingly restricts the importance of charisma and of individually differentiated conduct” (39)
This occurs in the normal operation of the division of labor.
"the operation of each special function demands the individual to keep in constant contact w/neighboring functions, becoming aware of their needs and the changes that take place in them...doesn’t lose sight of those cooperating with him. knows they are tending in a certain direct, toward a goal...his actions have a goal beyond themselves...he knows his activity has a meaning. the division of labor is a source of solidarity" (290-91)
This is required for society to be formed/for us to have society.
society cannot be formed or maintained w/o being required to make perpetual and costly sacrifices. Because society surpasses us, it obliges us to surpass ourselves. - "The Dualism of Human Nature and its Social Conditions"
This is the difference between a "state" and "politics."
"a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory" (78). the state is considered the sole source of the right to use violence. ‘politics’ = striving to share or striving to influence the distribution of power.
These are the two ways of making politics one's vocation.
"Either one lives ‘for’ politics or one lives ‘off’ politics… man does both… the distinction economic. He who strives to make politics a permanent source of income lives off politics as a vocation… to be able to live ‘for’ politics [...] the politician must be wealthy or must have a personal position in life which yields a sufficient income” (85) “For”- One enjoys exercising power or he bolsters his self-esteem by serving a “cause” he gives his own life a meaning.
Where individualism "springs from."
"the individual receives dignity from a higher source, one which he shares with all men… It it humanity which is worthy of respect and sacred… individualism extended is the glorification not of the self but of the individual in general. It springs not from egoism but from sympathy for all that is human, a broader pity for all sufferings, for all human miseries, a more ardent need to combat them and mitigate them, a greater thirst for justice” (48) - "Individualism and the Intellectuals"
What does the "individualist" defend?
“the individualist who defends the rights of the individual defends at the same time the vital interests of society, for he prevents the criminal impoverishment of that last reserve of collective ideas and feelings which is the very soul of the nation” (54). "we make our way toward a state where the members of a single social group will have nothing in common among themselves except their humanity" (51)
The civil servant differs from the politician in this way.
"According to his proper vocation, the genuine official will not engage in politics… he shall not do precisely what the politician, the leader as well as his following, must always and necessarily do, namely, fight. To take a stand, to be passionate--is the politician’s element, and above all the element of the political leader… the opposite of the civil servant. The honor of the civil servant is vested in his ability to execute conscientiously the order of the superior authorities, exactly as if the order agreed with his own conviction… Without this moral discipline and self-denial, in the highest sense, the whole apparatus would fall to pieces. The honor of the political leader lies precisely in an exclusive personal responsibility for what he does, a responsibility he cannot and must not reject or transfer” (94-95).
A person who can have the "calling for politics" has...
“an ethic of ultimate ends (conviction) and an ethic of responsibility are not absolute contrasts but rather supplements, which only in unison constitute a genuine man--a man who can have the ‘calling for politics’” (127).