sensory transduction
This type of receptor converts mechanical stimuli into electrical signals in the ear.
What are hair cells?
This neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction.
What is acetylcholine?
Gas exchange occurs because gases move down their…
What is partial pressure gradient?
The phase of the cardiac cycle when ventricles contract is called…
What is systole?
Osmolarity measures the number of…
What is solute particles per liter of solution?
Unlike most neurons, photoreceptors do this when exposed to light.
What is hyperpolarize?
Calcium binds to this protein to initiate skeletal muscle contraction.
What is troponin?
Increasing CO₂ shifts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve in this direction.
What is to the right?
The QRS complex represents this electrical event.
What is ventricular depolarization?
ADH increases water reabsorption by inserting these into collecting duct membranes.
What are aquaporins?
The intensity of a stimulus is encoded primarily by this property of action potentials.
What is frequency of action potentials?
ATP is required for this specific step in the cross-bridge cycle.
What is myosin head detachment from actin?
At high altitude, oxygen loading decreases primarily because this variable decreases.
What is atmospheric PO₂?
Cardiac muscle has a long refractory period because of this ion channel activity.
What is prolonged Ca²⁺ influx (plateau phase)?
The countercurrent multiplier works because the descending limb is permeable to ___ and the ascending limb is permeable to ___.
What is water; salt?
If the ascending limb of the loop of Henle became permeable to water, this sensory-like countercurrent system would fail because…
What is the medullary osmotic gradient would collapse?
Fast-twitch fibers fatigue more quickly because they rely primarily on this metabolic pathway.
What is anaerobic glycolysis?
Fetal hemoglobin has higher oxygen affinity because it binds less strongly to this molecule.
What is 2,3-BPG?
If total peripheral resistance increases, arterial blood pressure will…
What is increase?
If aldosterone increases, what happens to sodium and potassium levels in urine?
What is ↓ Na⁺ in urine and ↑ K⁺ in urine?
A toxin that prevents neurotransmitter release from hair cells would most directly affect which step in auditory processing?
What is signal transmission to the auditory nerve?
A mutation preventing Ca²⁺ reuptake into the SR would cause this physiological effect.
What is prolonged contraction or muscle rigidity?
If alveolar ventilation increases, arterial CO₂ will change in which direction and why?
What is decrease because CO₂ is blown off?
If Na⁺ channels in ventricular cells were blocked, what ECG change would most likely occur?
What is widened QRS complex?
If plasma becomes hypertonic, water will move in which direction across cell membranes?
What is out of cells?