Social Development
From birth to one year of age. Children begin to learn the ability to trust others based upon the consistency of their care givers. If successful, the child becomes secure and confident in the world around them. If unsuccessful, the child may develop fear of an inconsistent world, insecurity, and anxiety.
What is Trust vs. Mistrust?
Young adulthood, individuals begin to explore relationships, leading toward longer term commitments with others. Successful completion can lead to comfortable relationships and a sense of commitment, safety, and care within relationships. Avoiding intimacy and commitment can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression.
What is Intimacy vs. Isolation?
Between birth to age 2, children can retain the image of an object and develops logic in manipulating objects. The begin to take action intentionally and they imitate others. They develop signal meaning (babysitter arriving means mother is leaving). Signal meaning (language) begins closer to age 2.
Elementary Level (Before age 9);1.Child obeys an authority figure out of fear of punishment. Obedience/punishment.
2. Child acts acceptably as it is their best interest. Conforms to rules to receive rewards.
2 stages
What is preconventional?
Pavlov, Skinner; learning is viewed through change in behavior. The stimuli in the external environment are the locus of learning. Social workers aim to change the external environment in order to bring about desired change.
What is Behaviorist Learning Theory?
Ages 1 to 3. The child begins to assert their independence by walking away from their mother, picking toys to play with and making choices about what to eat, wear,etc. If supported, their independence increases and they become more confident in their ability to survive. If they are not supported, they may lack self esteem and feel a sense of shame or doubt in their own abilities. May become overly dependent on others.
What is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt?
Middle adulthood; individuals establish careers, settle down, and begin families. They give back through being productive, raising children and community involvement. By failing to achieve these objectives, individuals become stagnant, and feel unproductive.
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Ages 2-7; children progress from concrete thinking to abstract thinking. They can understand past, present, and future. They acquire words and symbols. They have an imagination. At this time, they cannot see another point of view. Thinking is concrete, irreversible, and egocentric. Thinking is centered on one detail or even. May have night terrors. It is normal for children this age to have imaginary friends that last into Elementary school. Although children interact with them, most know that their friends are not real and only pretend they are. Thus, it does not indicate the presence of a disorder.
Social workers should normalize behavior with parents who are distress about this activity during this developmental stage.
What is preoperational?
Early adolescence; follows stereotypical norms of morality. 3. Person acts to gain approval from others "good boy/girl" orientation. 4. Obeys laws and fulfills obligations and duties to maintain social system. Rules are rules. Avoids censure and guilt.
2 stages
What is Conventional?
Piaget; learning is viewed through internal mental processes (including insight, information processing, memory, and perception). The locus of learning is internal cognitive structures. Social workers aim to develop opportunities to foster capacity and skills to improve learning.
What is Cognitive Learning Theory?
Ages 3 and 6, children assert themselves more frequently. They begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate play with others. If given the opportunity, children develop a sense of initiative and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions. If criticized or controlled, they develop a sense of guilt, feel like a nuisance to others; lacks self-initiative.
What is Initiative vs. Guilt?
Older adults and Seniors; explore life as retired people and contemplate accomplishments. If they are satisfied with the progression of their lives, they develop a sense of integrity. If they see their lives as being unproductive, and failing to accomplish life goals, they become dissatisfied with life and develop despair, leading to hopelessness and depression.
Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Ages 7 to 11; Children begin to think with abstract though. They play games with rules and logical implications are understood. They understand cause and effect relationships. Thinking is reversible and rules of logic are developed.
What is Concrete Operations?
Adult; this level is not reached by most adults. 5. Genuine interest in the welfare of others; concerned with individual rights and being morally right. 6. Guided by individual principles based on broad universal ethical principles. Concern for larger universal issues of morality.
2 stages
What is Postconventional?
Maslow; Learning is viewed as a person's activities aimed at reaching his or her full potential. The locus of learning is in meeting cognitive and other needs. Social workers aim to develop the whole person.
What is Humanistic Learning Theory?
Ages 6 to puberty, children begin to develop pride in accomplishments. They initiate projects, see them through to completion, and feel good about what they achieve. If they are encouraged and reinforced for initiative, they begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals. If it is not encouraged, children begin to feel inferior, doubting their abilities and failing to reach their potential.
What is Industry vs. Inferiority?
Who is Erik Erikson?
Ages 11 through maturity; individuals think hypothetically, and have a higher level of abstraction. They begin planning for the future and assume adult roles and responsibilities.
What is Formal Operations?
He believed that moral development parallels cognitive development. His theory holds that moral reasoning, the basis for ethical behavior, has six stages, each more adequate at responding to moral dilemmas than the last. A person must pass through each successive stage of moral development without skipping a stage.
Who is Lawrence Kohlberg?
Bandura; Learning is obtained between people and their environment and their interactions and observations in social contexts. Social workers establish opportunities for conversation and participation to occur.
What is Social/Situational Learning Theory?
Adolescence; Children are becoming more independent and looking at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, and so on. They explore possibilities and form their identities based on outcomes. The sense of who they are can be hindered, resulting in confusion about themselves and their role in the world.
What is Identity vs. Role Confusion?
In order, these are the 8 stages of social development with ages groups.
Trust vs. Mistrust- Birth to 1 year
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt- 1 to 3
Initiative vs. Guilt- 3 to 6
Industry vs. Inferiority- 6- puberty
Identity vs. Role Confusion- Adolescence
Intimacy vs. Isolation- Young adulthood
Generativity vs. Stagnation- Middle adulthood
Ego Integrity vs. Despair- Older adults to seniors
He was a developmental psychologist best known for his theory of cognitive development. His stages address the acquisition of knowledge and how humans come to gradually acquire it. His theory hold that children learn through interaction with the environment and others.
Who is Jean Piaget?
Higher stages of this provides a person with greater capacities or abilities in terms of decision making.
What is Moral Development?
A conceptual framework describing how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding or a worldview, is acquired or changed, as well as how knowledge and skills are retained.
What is Learning Theory?