Operant Techniques
(B.F. Skinner) An event or stimuli precedes behaviors, which, in turn, are followed by consequences. Consequences that increase the occurrence of the behavior are referred to as reinforcing consequences. Consequences that decrease the occurrence of the behavior are referred to as punishing consequences. Reinforcement aims to increase behavior frequency, whereas punishment aims to decrease it.
What is Operant Conditioning?
(Pavlov) Learning occurs as a result of pairing conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned (involuntary) stimulus so that the conditioned stimulus eventually elicits the response normally elicited by he unconditioned stimulus.
A dog's mouth waters when presented with food. Ringing a bell when the food is present conditions the dog to salivate when the bell rings, even when the food is not present.
What is respondent/classical conditioning?
Pairing and movement through a hierarchy of anxiety, from least to most anxiety-provoking situations; takes place in "real" setting.
what is in vivo desensitization?
At this age, children grow at a rapid rate, especially their brain size. They learn through senses, exploring, and playing. They communicate by crying, babbling, then simple sentences. They seek to build trust in others, they are dependent, but begin to develop a sense of self.
What is Healthy Growth and Development of Infants and Toddlers (0-3)?
At this age, a person reaches physical and sexual maturity. Nutritional needs are for maintenance, not growth. A person acquires new skills and information. They use these to solve problems. They seek closeness with others, set career goals, choose their lifestyle and community, and start their own family.
What is healthy growth and development of young adults (18-35)?
Increases probability that the behavior will occur-praising, giving tokens, or otherwise rewarding positive behavior.
Ex. Token economy- receiving a token as praise for performing specific behaviors. The tokens function as currency within the environment and can be exchanged for desired goods, services, or privileges.
What is positive reinforcement?
Any treatment aimed at reducing the attractiveness of a stimulus or a behavior by repeated pairing of it with an aversive stimulus.
Ex. treating alcoholism with Antabuse.
What is aversion therapy?
Method of instruction that involves an individual demonstrating the behavior to be acquired by a client.
What is modeling?
At this age, the child grows at a slower rate, and exhibits improved motor skills. They dress themselves and are toilet trained. They begin to use symbols, have an improving memory, and a vivid imagination. They develop fears. They begin to identify with parents and become more independent. They become sensitive to the feelings of others.
What is healthy growth and development of young children (4-6)?
During this stage, a person begins to age. Women experience menopause. The person may develop chronic health problems. They use life experiences to learn, create, and solve problems. They hope to contribute to future generations. They stay productive, balance dreams with reality, plan retirement, and may care for children and their parents.
What is healthy growth and development of middle age adults (36-64)?
Behavior increases because a negative (aversive) stimulus is removed (ex. remove shock).
What is negative reinforcement?
Behavior training program that teaches a person how to control certain functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and muscular tension. It is often used for ADHD and Anxiety Disorders.
What is biofeedback?
A cognitively oriented therapy in which a social worker seeks to change a client's irrational beliefs by argument, persuasion, and rational reevaluation and by teaching a client to counter self-defeating thinking with new, nondistressing, self-statements.
What is Rational emotive therapy (RET)?
At this age, the child grows slowly until a "spurt" at puberty. They understand cause and effect, can read, write, and do math. They are active and eager learners. They develop a greater sense of self, focus on school activities, and negotiate for greater independence.
What is healthy growth and development of older children (7-12)?
During this stage, a person ages gradually. They experiences an natural decline in some physical abilities and sense. They continue to be an active learner and thinker. Their memory skills may start to decline. They take on new roles (grandparent, widow, etc.) They balance independence with dependence and review their life.
What is healthy growth and development of older adults (65 to 79)?
Presentation of undesirable stimulus follows a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (ex. hitting or shocking).
What is positive punishment?
Withholding a reinforcer that normally follows a behavior. Behavior that fails to produce reinforcement will eventually cease.
What is extinction?
Method used to train a new behavior by prompting and reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior.
What is shaping?
During this age, children grow in spurts. They mature physically and are able to reproduce. They become abstract thinkers and choose they own values. (Thinking goes beyond simple solutions.) They develop their own identity and build close relationships. They try to balance peer group with family interests. They become concerned about appearances and challenge authority.
What is healthy growth and development of Adolescents (13-18)?
During this time, a person continues to decline in their physical abilities. They are at increasing risk for chronic illness and may experience major health problems. They continue to learn, but the speed of learning and memory skills may decline. Confusion often signals illness or medication problem. They accept end of life and live as independently as possible.
What is healthy growth and development of Elders (80 and older)?
(Time out) Removal of a desirable stimulus following a behavior for the purpose of decreasing or eliminating that behavior (ex. removing something positive such as a token or dessert).
What is negative punishment?
A treatment procedure in which a client's anxiety is extinguished by prolonged real or imagined exposure to high-intensity feared stimuli.
What is flooding?
An anxiety-inhibiting response cannot occur at the same time as the anxiety response. Anxiety producing stimulus is paired with relaxation producing response so that eventually an anxiety-producing stimulus produces a relaxation response. At each step a client's reaction of fear or dread is overcome by pleasant feelings engendered as the new behavior is reinforced by receiving a reward. The reward could be a compliment, a gift, or relaxation.
What is systematic desensitization?
Refers to the physical, mental, and socioemotional changes that occur between birth and the end of adolescence, as a child progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence; but individuals do not progress at the same rate, and each stage is affected by the preceding types of development. Can be influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life.
What is child development?
Refers to the changes that occur in biological, psychological, and interpersonal domains of human life from the end of adolescence until the end of life. These changes may be gradual or rapid and can reflect positive, negative, or no change from previous levels of functioning.
What is adult development?