Assessment
List the sequence for performing a respiratory assessment.
Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
Normal Chest
Elliptic shape with an anteroposterior to transverse diameter in the ratio of 1:2
Bronchial Breath Sounds
Heard over the trachea and larger bronchi; expiratory sounds are louder and last longer than inspiratory sounds and have a pause between them.
Bradypnea
Slow breathing, fewer than 10 breaths per minute, regular rate
List some modifiable risk factors related to respiratory health
Smoking cessation/avoiding secondhand smoke
Avoiding exposure to chemicals
Hand hygiene
What is Tactile Fremitus?
A technique used to assess for vibrations across the chest as the patient repeats the word "ninety-nine."
Barrel Chest
Anteroposterior = transverse diameter associated with COPD
Bronchovesicular Sounds
Heard over the right and left bronchi; anteriorly over the mid-chest and between the scapula posteriorly.
Tachypnea
Rapid, shallow breathing more than 24 breaths per minute
Percussing over normal lung tissue
COPD/Emphysema
Pneumonia
Resonance
Hyperresonance
Dullness (consolidation)
Pectus excavatum
Sunken sternum and adjacent cartilages
Vesicular Sounds
Heard throughout the periphery of the lungs; inspiration sound is longer and louder than expiration; soft low-pitched, rusting sounds.
Hypoxemia
Decreased level of oxygen in the blood
Assessment findings when someone is having difficulty breathing?
Cyanosis, Tripod Position, Anxious
Pectus carinatum
Forward protrusion of the sternum with ribs sloping back at either side
What are adventitious breath sounds? What should you do if you hear adventitious breath sounds?
Abnormal lung sounds including crackles, pleural friction rubs, wheezing, and stridor.
Angle of Louis
Manubriosternal angle, the articulation of the manubrium and body of the sternum, continuous with the second rib.
What part of the body controls breathing & respiration?
Brain
Kyphosis
Exaggerated posterior curvature of thoracic spine