Lymphatics System
The right side of the arm, thorax, and head drain into the _________ duct.
Right lymphatic
Explain the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 alveolar cells.
Type 1: made of stratified squamous and are majority of alveolar cells
Type 2: surfactant secreting cells
What is the Total Lung capacity when:
IC = 3800 mL
IRV = 3200
TV= 600 mL
RV= 1200 mL
FRC= 2200
TLC= 3800 (IC) + 2200 (FRC)
6000 mL OR 6.0 L
What is the partial pressure of O2 if the atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg at sea level?
.2095 x 760=
159.22 mmHg
On a regular Hemoglobin/Oxygen Dissociation curve, what is the percent of saturation when the PO2 is 100 mmHg
around 97%
What are the functions of the lymphatics system?
Drain interstitial fluid
Transport dietary lipids
Protection against invaders
What is Boyle's Law?
If the volume rises, the pressure decreases and vice versa
What is a patients Expiratory Reserve Volume if:
Total lung volume: 6200 mL
IC: 4200 mL
RV: 1000 mL
6200= 4200 +1000 + ERV
1,000 mL
What are the Percentages of Partial Pressure?
N: 78.05%
O2: 20.95%
CO2: 0.03%
Inert Gases: 0.93%
What is the PO2 in the tissue when venous blood is 75%?
40 mmHg
What helps the lymphatic system deliver lymph into the blood?
- Skeletal muscles pumps
- Smooth muscles of large vessels
- Pressure change in thoracic cavity (respiratory pump)
Explain what serous membranes the thoracic cavity and lungs are lined with
Thoracic cavity= Covered with parietal pleura
List the steps of expiration
1.inspiratory muscles relax
diaphragm rises, rib cage descends
2.thoracic cavity volume decreases
3.elastic lungs recoil, intrapulmonary volume decreases
4.intrapulmonary pressure rises
5.air flows out of lungs down pressure gradient until pulmonary pressure is 0
When you add chlorine to a pool it connects to the water molecules. Since the water and air are in contact, some of the chlorine diffuses into the air. What law is this an example of?
Henry's law.
List (not describe) the 3 ways CO2 is transported in the blood.
CO2 is dissolved in plasma
CO2 is chemically bound to hemoglobin
The ion bicarbonate is in the plasma
Where are Lymph Nodes mainly concentrated?
Inguinal, axillary, iliac, mesenteric, mandibular, lumbar, popliteal, cervical regions of body
List the muscles used during inspiration and expiration.
Inspiration: Scalene muscles, Sternocleidomastoid muscle, Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, external intercostals, diaphragm
Expiration: internal intercostals, rectus abdominus, transversus abdominus, external obliques
List the steps of inspiration.
1. inspiratory muscles contract
diaphragm descends, rib cage rises
2. thoracic cavity volume increases
3. lungs are stretched
intrapulmonary volume increases
4. intrapulmonary pressure drops
5. air flows into lungs down pressure gradient until pulmonary pressure is 0
Describe the components of a hemoglobin molecule
Each hemoglobin molecule contains 4 globins. Each globin is made up of one heme. This one heme has one iron connected which allows 1 oxygen molecule to connect. In total, there will be 4 oxygens connected to each hemoglobin molecule.
Describe how the bicarbonate ion transports CO2 in the blood.
CO2 + H2O combine and the enzyme carbonic anhydrase forms H2CO3 (carbonic acid) --> H2CO3 will rapidly turn into H+ and HCO3 (bicarbonate ions) --> H+ binds to the hemoglobin to act as a buffer--> Cl- and HCO3 will switch (chloride shift) --> HCO3 will travel out of the RBC into the plasma to the lungs --> at the lungs the process will reverse and follow the partial pressure gradient.
What are the functions of the following:
Spleen
Thymus
Peyer's Patch
Tonsils
Spleen: blood rich
- Destruction of RBC and proliferation of lymphocytes
-Stores platelets
- Clears are bacteria and debris
Thymus: produces the hormone Thymosin which trains T-lymphocytes
Peyers Patch: Mucosa located in lymphoid tissue; found in the ilium; immune surveillance
Tonsils: 3 types: Pharyngeal Tonsils, Palatine tonsils, Lingual
- First response --> clear out bacteria, viruses, etc
- Tonsillitis: Tonsils become inflamed when it is clearing out too much bacteria/viruses
List the pathway of air starting from the nose and explain when the conducting zone ends and the respiratory zone begins.
nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → respiratory bronchioles → alveolar ducts/sacs → alveoli
Conducting zone: Nose --> terminal bronchioles
Respiratory zone: Respiratory bronchioles --> Alveoli
Look at the Spirogram provided on the Practice exam, what is A, E, G, and F?
A= Inspiratory reserve volume
E= Inspiratory capacity
G= Vital Capacity
F= Functional Residual Capacity
Explain what Oxyhemoglobin, Deoxyhemoglobin, and Carbaminohemoglobin means.
Oxyhemoglobin: Oxygen bound to the hemoglobin
Deoxyhemoglobin: Oxygen is delivered and not bound to hemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin: Carbon dioxide is bound to the hemoglobin
As we increase H+, temperature, and CO2, the oxygen dissociation curve will experience a _____ (left/right) shift which will result in _____ (more/less) oxygen being delivered to the muscles. If we decreases H+, temperature, and CO2, the oxygen dissociation curve will experience a ______ (left/right) shift which will result in ______ (more/less) oxygen being delivered to the muscles.
Right, more
Left, less