PRIN 1, TEST 1

Intro to Rad

100

When were X-rays discovered? And by who?

November, 8 1895
Wilhelm Roentgen

200

1. ______ = Anything that occupies space and has mass
2. ______ = quantity of matter as describe by its energy equivalence
3. ______ = mass of object via force exerted on a body due to gravity

1. MATTER
2. MASS
3. WEIGHT

300

1. ______ = ability to do work
2. ______ = transfer of energy

ENERGY
RADIATION

400

Name the 2 types of ionizing radiation. Provide examples.

NATURAL/ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION:
Cosmic rays, terrestrial radiation, radon (largest)

HUMAN-MADE RADIATION:
- Diagnostic x-rays 

500

X-rays are (⬆️/⬇️) penetrating, invisible rays that are a form of __________ radiation.

⬆️, ELECTROMAGNETIC

600

T/F: X-rays travel in circular waves.

FALSE, X-rays travel in straight lines.

700

T/F: X-rays travel at the speed of sound in a vacuum.

FALSE, SPEED OF LIGHT

800

The first x-ray fatality in the US occurred in ______.

1904

900

With the introduction of the ______ tube and the ______ transformer, significant injuries to soft tissues ⬇️.

CROOKES tube, SNOOK transformer

1000

What are the 3 basic radiation safety techniques?

TIME: ⬆️exp time=⬆️dose, keep fluoro time⬇️
DISTANCE:  ⬆️distance=⬇️dose (inverse sq law)
SHIELDING: Use lead for protection

Units of Measure

100

The 2 most commonly used systems of measurement in radiologic science are the _______ and ___________ or __________.

BRITISH SYSTEM, SYSTEM INTERNATIONAL (SI), METRIC SYSTEM

200

The British System uses the _____ for mass, _____, for length, and _____ for time.

POUND (lb), FOOT (ft), SECOND (s)

300

The SI uses ______ for mass, ______ for length, and ______ for time.

KILOGRAM (kg), METER (m), SECOND (s)

400

1. The ______ is used to quantify radioactivity.

2. SI equivalent = _______

1. CURIE (Ci)
2. BECQUEREL (Bq)

500

Accredits radiologic science educational programs

JRCERT

600

1. The _______ is used to quantify radiation intensity.
2. The SI equivalent is ________.

1. ROENTGEN (R)
2. AIR KERMA (Gy_a)

700

Published the national certification examination for radiographers

ARRT

800

1. The _____ is used to quantify occupational exposure or dose equivalent.
2. SI equivalent = _______

1. REM
2. SIEVERT (Sv)

900

Publishes the Radiography Practice Standards

ASRT

1000

1. The ______ is used to quantify the biological effects of radiation on humans and animals.
2. SI equivalent = _________

1. RAD
2. GRAY (Gy_t)

X-ray Imaging System

100

The 3 parts of the X-ray imaging system

OPERATING CONSOLE

HIGH VOLTAGE GENERATOR
X-RAY TUBE

200

Provides for control of kVp, mA, exposure time, and line compensation

OPERATING CONSOLE/CONTROL PANEL

300

The two most important photographic image qualities.

DENSITY, CONTRAST

400

1. Adjustment of ____ determines the quality of the x-ray beam.
2. _______ is also known as the electrostatic charge (C).

1. kVp
2. mA

500

The 4 technical factors.

mA: quantity, instensity, amount
TIME: seconds (mAs)
kVp: quality, penetration, wavelength
DISTANCE: inverse sq law

600

The autotransformer has ______ winding and is designed to supply a precise voltage to the _______ circuit  and _______ circuit of the x-ray circuit

SINGLE
FILAMENT
HIGH-VOLTAGE

700

_______ is the release of e- from a heated filament.

THERMIONIC EMISSION

800

Measures the quantity of radiation that reaches the IR via ionization chambers/cells.

AUTOMATIC EXPOSURE CONTROL (AEC)

900

1. _______ timers:
Old technology, not common now.
2. _______ timers:
Most exposure timers are ______ and are controlled by a ________.
3. _______ timers:
Used on falling load and capacitor discharge imaging systems.

SYNCHRONOUS
ELECTRONIC, ELECTRONIC, MICROPROCESSOR
mAs

Generators

100

The 3 primary parts of the high-voltage generator.

HIGH-VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
FILAMENT TRANSFORMER
RECTIFIERS

200

The high-voltage transformer is also known as ____________.

STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

300

The process of converting AC to DC. Ensures that e- flow from cathode -> anode only.

VOLTAGE RECTIFICATION

400

Rectifiers are located in the _________ section.

HIGH-VOLTAGE

500

T/F: The main advantage of full-wave rectification is that the exposure time for any given technique is cut by a third.

FALSE, CUT IN HALF

600

The three types of generators.

SINGLE-PHASE POWER GENERATOR
THREE-PHASE POWER GENERATOR
HIGH-FREQUENCY GENERATOR

700

Power fluctuates from zero to maximum potential 120 times each second (under full-wave rectification)

SINGLE-PHASE POWER GENERATOR

800

Voltage applied to the x-ray tube is ________

THREE-PHASE POWER GENERATOR
NEARLY CONSTANT

900

used in almost all station x-ray imaging systems

FULL-WAVE RECTIFICATION or HIGH-FREQUENCY VOLTAGE GENERATION

X-ray Tube

100

Generally radiographic equipment may be classified as __________ or __________.

MOBILE, PERMANENTLY INSTALLED

200

Permanently installed type radiographic equipment can be divided into these 6 parts.

TUBE
COLLIMATOR
CONTROL CONSOLE
TABLE
TUBE STAND
WALL UNIT

300

The tube head assembly consists of these 3 parts.

X-RAY TUBE
COLLIMATOR
TUBE STAND

400

The external structure of the x-ray tube consists of these 3 parts.

SUPPORTIVE STRUCTURE
PROTECTIVE HOUSING
GLASS/METAL ENCLOSURE

500

The 3 basic configurations of the tube stand.

FLOOR MOUNT
FLOOR/CEILING (FLOOR/WALL) MOUNT
OVERHEAD TUBE ASSEMBLY

600

1. The ______ is the negative side of the tube. Is made up of 2 primary parts: _________ and ________.
2. The x-ray tube current is adjusted by controlling the _________ current.

1. CATHODE, FILAMENT, FOCUSING CUP
2. FILAMENT

700

1. The _______ is the positive side of the tube. There are 2 types: _________ and ________.
2. General purpose x-ray tubes use _______ anodes b/c they must be capable of producing ⬆️intensity beams in ⬇️time.

1. ANODE, STATIONARY. ROTATING
2. ROTATING

800

1. The anode electricity and radiates heat/x-rays from the ________.
2. _____% of kinetic energy is converted to ______.
3. The ________ is the actual x-ray source.

1. TARGET

2. 99, HEAT
3. FOCAL SPOT

900

This term describes how the intensity of the x-ray beam ⬇️ on the anode side of the tube. Can be used as an advantage on uneven anatomical parts.

ANODE HEEL EFFECT

1000

1. ⬆️heat results in (⬆️/⬇️) x-ray tube life.
2. Maximum radiographic techniques should never be applied to a ______ anode.
3. The most frequent case of abrupt tube failure is e- arcing from the _________ to the enclosure b/c of vaporized _________.

1. ⬇️ DECREASED
2. ❄️ COLD
3. FILAMENT, TUNGSTEN