homeostasis
name 4 types of receptors
chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, Thermoreceptors, pain receptors, Photoreceptor, Mechanoreceptors
Define morphological features.
Morphological features are structural features
Name the main sources of genotypic variation
Mutations and sexual reproductive processes
Describe a genetic marker.
is a gene or sequence on a chromosome with a known location that is associated with a specific trait
Differentiate between filtration and reabsorption in nephrons
The glomerulus is the site in the nephron where fluid and solutes are filtered out of the blood to form a glomerular filtrate. This is known as filtration. The proximal and distal tubules, the loop of Henle, and the collecting ducts are sites for the reabsorption of water and ions. Reabsorption is the process of substances in the filtrate being absorbed again back into the blood. This second reabsorption enables regulation of water and ions.
what are the two systems in animals responsible for monitoring changes, transmitting messages and coordinating responses
nervous system and endocrine system
Define biogeography
Biogeography is the study of the distributions of organisms and ecosystems and how those distributions have changed over geologic time.
what is a point mutation
just a single nucleotide within the original DNA sequence is affected by a substitution, addition or deletion
What is the role of ligase in DNA replication?
Double points: What is the bond that forms when DNA ligase joins two fragments of DNA.
Joins the DNA backbone together
Phosphodiester bond
State the full term represented by the acronym ADH.
Antidiuretic hormone
Differentiate between xerophytes and halophytes
2 two adaptations they both can have.
Double points: name 2 adaptations unique to halophytes
xerophytes are adapted to very arid environments
halophytes are adapted to high salt environments
Adaptations for both: water storage organs, sunken stomata, hairy leaves
Xerophytes: salt exclusion, salt storage in older leaves, salt bladders
Define divergent evolution and give an example of evidence for it in the evolution of species
Divergent evolution occurs when a parent species diverges into two or more habitats and speciation occurs. For example, the big cats have diverged into lions and tigers etc...
Differentiate between mutations that
occur in somatic cells and mutations that
occur in germline cells.
Mutations that occur in somatic cells will only be passed on to daughter cells not to offspring. In contrast, mutations that occur in germ-line cells can be inherited by offspring.
Explain how DNA sequencing can enable genome mapping
Sequenced DNA fragments can be aligned to the genome map to aid with the assembly of the genome
what are the energy costs of excreting the three different types of nitrogenous wastes
Ammonia – none Urea – moderate Uric acid – extremely high
why is a positive feedback loop rare
they are inherently destabilizing, amplifying changes away from a balanced state and potentially leading to runaway events or self-destruction
Explain why seemingly unrelated organisms could have a high percentage of very similar genes.
Genes that suit an organism to its environment will be preserved, or conserved, while other genes around it may evolve. Two distantly related species may share very similar gene sequences for proteins whose functions are much the same in those species.
describe a similarity and difference between a nonsense mutation and a missense mutation
a missense mutation changes the the amino acid and a nonsense mutation creates a new stop codon they are both forms of substitution mutations
Describe STRs and how they are used in identification techniques
2 STRs are sequences of DNA that repeats a certain number of times. They are highly variable segments of DNA that occur throughout the genome and contain repeats of the same sequence of several nucleotides lined up, one after the other. They can be used to distinguish between individuals of the same species because they are repeated a unique number of times in different individuals.
What is one benefit of being an osmoconformer rather than an osmoregulator?
Osmoconformers can tolerate the fluctuation in salinity in their surroundings better than osmoregulators. Osmoconformers reduce the need to move water into and out of their bodies and need to spend less energy regulating their internal osmotic concentration
name 3 parts of the negative feedback loop and what they do
stimulus: A change in one of the internal or external environmental factors that is detected by a receptor.
receptor: The cell or tissue that detects the stimulus
coordinating center: The structure that receives messages from receptors coordinates a response, then sends an instruction to an effector via motor neurons
effector: A muscle or gland that receives the message from the control center and carries out the response.
response: The action of the effector that counteracts the stimulus
Birds and bats both have wings, whereas mice and crocodiles don’t. Explain whether this means that birds and bats are more closely related to one another than they are to mice and crocodiles
It is most likely that birds and bats share the same environment and through convergent evolution have developed similar characteristics. More evidence is needed to discover the relatedness of these animals.
Mutations can be categorized as... (hint N,B and D)
double points for definitions of each
Neutral mutations, Beneficial mutations and Deleterious mutations
N: the protein product is unchanged compared with the original, so the organism’s survival is unaffected by the change
B: gene mutations produce a new allele that benefits the survival of the organism.
D:random mutations may disrupt the function of the encoded protein, undermining the organism’s overall ability to carry out its basic processes and survive.
List some desirable traits that inspire scientists to create transgenic organisms
including resistance, faster growth rate, greater product quality and yield, and tolerance to adverse environmental conditions.
what animal has the highest blood pressure
giraffe