Proteins
Where peptide bonds form on amino acids.
Between the C on one amino acid and the N on another amino acid. (N -> C)
Directionality of nucleic acids.
5' -> 3'
The formula for monosaccharides.
(CH2O)n
Kind of molecule that most easily passes through the cell membrane.
Nonpolar
Enzymatic regulation where product in a metabolic pathway becomes the inhibitor.
Feedback inhibition
The structural difference in the secondary structures of DNA and RNA.
DNA is an antiparallel double-helix, RNA is a single-stranded molecule (stem & loop).
The functional group that a glycosidic linkage forms between.
OH (hydroxyl)
What lipids spontaneously form when surrounded by water.
Lipid bilayer
The difference between pump proteins and channel/carrier proteins.
Pumps are active transport, channel/carrier proteins are passive transport.
Why DNA is more stable than RNA.
The oxygen on ribose --> makes RNA more unstable.
The difference between alpha and beta glycosidic linkages.
alpha -> below, same orientation monomers, branched
beta -> above, flipped monomers, sheets
Why saturated phospholipids increase membrane viscosity/ firmness.
Straight hydrocarbon tails -> allow phospholipids to pack in tighter than unsaturated phospholipids (bent, take up too much space).
Bonds that are broken during denaturation with heat and chemicals.
Van der waals, hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, disulfide bonds (2nd and 3rd structure).
Base pairing rules.
- purine + pyrimidine
- A+T, C+G (A+U for RNA)
Characteristic that makes carbohydrates different from other polymer macromolecules.
Linkages not always in same orientation/ same spot. More varied structure.
What makes lipids different from other macromolecules.
No monomers, no polymerizing bonds. Not polymers.
How an enzyme physically changes substrates to lower activation energy.
Re-orienting bonds to lower electron repulsion.
How ATP stores energy.
The potential energy generated when 3 phosphates are held in close proximity (due to repulsion).
Where carbons in glucose go during cellular respiration.
Released as 6 molecules of CO2.
What triglycerides and phospholipids structurally have in common.
Glycerol