Carbohydrates
The bond and the monomer for carbohydrates is...
Bond: Glycosidic Linkage
Monomer: Monosaccharide
The bond and the monomer for lipids is...
Bond: Ester
Monomer: There are none
The bond and monomer for proteins are...
Bond: Peptide Bonds
Monomer: Amino Acids
The bond and monomer for nucleic acids are...
Bond: Phosphodiester Bonds
Monomer: Nucleotides
The definition of a monomer and polymer are...
Monomer: repeating units that serve as building blocks of polymers
Polymer: long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked together by covalent bonds
Disaccharides and polysaccharides are...
Disaccharides: two sugars joined by a glycosidic linkage
Polysaccharides: many sugars joined together
The three types of lipids are...
1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Steroids
Give three different examples of functions of proteins.
Enzymatic, defensive, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, contractile and motor, and structural
The main function of nucleic acids is...
Store and transmit hereditary information --> Gene expression.
The four main groups of life are...and of them how many are macromolecules...
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
Lipids are not considered to be macromolecules
The storage and structural molecules for carbohydrates are...
Storage:
Plants - Starch
Animals - Glycogen
Structure:
Plants - Cellulose
Fungi - Chitin
Saturated fat - No double bonds in C-chain. Normally solid at room temperature. Ex. Butter
Unsaturated fat - Contains double bonds in C-chain. Normally liquid at room temperature. Ex. oil
Denaturation is...
Disturbing and destructing the structure of a protein due to the environment. Can be caused by an increase in temperature, pH levels, and physical environment. Can result in protein unraveling and not performing its intended function.
Phosphate group - Pentose sugar - Nucleotide (Nitrogenous base)
The difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis is...
Dehydration synthesis: removes water molecule and builds larger polymer
Hydrolysis: adds water molecule and shortens polymer
Performing hydrolysis on a disaccharide molecule could result in:
a. glucose forming as a product
b. cellulose forming as a product
c. water being taken out of the molecule
d. glycogen forming as a product
a. glucose forming as a product
Describe the structure and function of a phospholipid.
Structure: hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. Phosphate group with two fatty acid tails
Function: makes the semipermeable membrane of the cell
What are enzymes and what do they do?
Enzymes are proteins that accelerate chemical reactions by reducing the activation energy needed to complete the reaction.
The nitrogenous bases that are pyrimidines and purines are...
Which bases go together?
Pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil
Purines: adenine, guanine
A-T or U (Depending on DNA or RNA)
G-C
What is X-ray crystallography?
Which of the following makes carbohydrates unique from other organic molecules?
a. It provides long-term energy storage
b. Contain a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O
c. Monomers are held together by ester bonds
d. Are polymers that always from a ring structure
b. Contain a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O
Which of the following statements is true for the class of biological molecules known as lipids?
a. They are insoluble in water
b. They are made from glycerol, fatty acids, and phosphates
c. They contain less energy than proteins and carbohydrates
d. They are made by hydrolysis reactions
a. They are insoluble in water
Walk through the four levels of protein structure and explain each level
Primary: simple chain of amino acids held by peptide bonds, not functioning yet
Secondary: localized folding and twisting (alpha helix and beta pleated sheets), hydrogen bonds introduced, not functioning yet
Tertiary: one polypeptide with many bonds involved: peptide, hydrogen, disulfide, ionic, van der waals
Quaternary: overall shape of protein, 2 or more polypeptides, completely functioning
Describe key differences between DNA and RNA
DNA: deoxyribose sugar, (A, T, C, G) bases, A-T, double-helix, one form, located in nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, chloroplast, large lengths
RNA: ribose sugar, (A, U, C, G) bases, A-U, single strand, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, found in nucleolus and cytoplasm, short lengths
What is bioinfographics?
Use of computer software that analyzes large data sets