Proteins
what is the monomer and polymer of a protein?
monomer - amino acid
polymer - peptide (2-50 amino acids usually); polypeptide (51+ amino acids); protein
what is the monomer and polymer of a carbohydrate?
monomer - monosaccharide
polymer - disaccharide and polysaccharide
lipids are made up of non-polar hydrocarbon bonds which cause them to be hydro____ and _______ in water
-phobic and insoluble
what are the monomers and polymers for nucleic acids?
monomer - nucleotides
polymer - DNA & RNA
what determines is the determining factor of an amino acid?
the R group
what makes up an amino acid?
amino group (NH3+)
carboxyl group (-COOH or -COO-)
central carbon with H attached
R group
what is the Carbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen ratio for all carbohydrates?
1:2:1
fats, phospholipids, steroids
what makes up a nucleotide?
pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
what is denaturation?
unfolding or breaking of a protein; loss of secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure by breaking the weaker bonds (H-bonds)
what link amino acids together?
peptide bonds
C6H12O6
Is this molecule a carbohydrate? If so is it a mono-, di-, or polysaccharide? and why?
monosaccharide because monosaccharides have 3-6 carbons - simple sugars
the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane of a cell has a _______ head and _______ tails
polar (hydrophilic), non-polar(hydrophobic)
which nitrogenous bases are purines?
Adenine and Guanine
is the saturated or unsaturated tail bent (aka more fluid)
unsaturated tail
additional folding held together by only H-bonds btwn backbone parts of the protein
R groups don't get involved
looks like sheet of paper (beta sheet) or coils (alpha-helix)
secondary structure
what bond connects the monosaccharide?
glycosidic bonds
is the saturated or unsaturated tail solid at room temp.?
saturated tail
Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?
cytosine, thymine, and uracil
what are chaperones?
proteins that help other proteins fold correctly
three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein caused by side chain interactions
beta-sheet and alpha-helices
tertiary structure
how do you synthesize polymers? and how do you break down polymers?
build polymers - dehydration synthesis
break polymers - hydrolysis
what are fats (Triglyceride) made of?
what bond joins these things?
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids joined by ester bond
what is a main difference btwn the sugars deoxyribose and ribose?
ribose has one more hydroxyl group (-OH)
type of protein bonding that is btwn diff. polypeptides to make an even larger protein (consists of more than one amino acid chain)
quarternary structure