Carbohydrates
What are the simplest carbohydrates? Give an example.
Simple Sugars
Examples: Glucose, Fructose, Ribose
*Monosaccharides generally have molecular formulas that are some multiple of the unit CH2O. Carbonyl and multiple Hydroxyl groups.
Fats, phospholipids, and steroids
What are 3 functions of proteins?
Extra pts: Give an example.
Structural Support: Keratin
Storage: Casein
Transport: Hemoglobin
Cellular Communication: Receptor Proteins
Movement: Motor Proteins of Cilia
Defense Against Foreign Substances: Antibodies
Enzymes: Digestive Enzymes
nucleotides
What direction is DNA read in?
5' to 3'
What joins two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide and via which reaction?
Glycosidic Linkage via Dehydration RXN
What two smaller molecules make up a fat and what reactions attach them to one another?
Glycerol + Fatty Acids, dehydration rxns
What are the monomers from which proteins are constructed and how many are there?
amino acids, 20
What molecule interacts with the cell’s protein-synthesizing machinery to direct the order of amino acids in a polypeptide?
mRNA
What is the name of a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide and where can it be found?
*Similar to cellulose
Chitin, exoskeletons or fungi cell walls
What two types of sugars are differentiated by the location of their carbonyl group?
Aldoses and Ketoses
*Isomers!
Why do unsaturated fatty acids not solidify at room temperature?
Kinks produced by cis C=C cause the unsaturated fatty acids to bend, preventing them from packing tightly enough to solidify at room temp.
What determines the unique characteristics of a particular amino acid?
The physical and chemical properties of R group attached to alpha-Carbon.
What are the three things that make up a nucleotide?
a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, 1+ phosphate groups
Name 3 external (for example, online) resources and 2 on-campus resources that could help you succeed on Exam 1 + what are my office hours?
Youtube, Online Textbook, Quizlet
SI, Tutors, TAs, Teacher, Study Groups, Learning Coaches (CAS)
Thursdays 1:30-2:30 pm >:(
What is the function of polysaccharide starch and what is it composed of?
Storage, composed entirely of glucose monomers.
Phospholipids are composed of two hydrophobic _____ _____ ______ and a ______ charged phosphate group.
fatty acid tails, negatively
At one end of a polypeptide chain, there is an amino acid with a free amino group, and at the other, an amino acid with a free carboxyl group. What are these sites called?
N-terminus and C-terminus
What links nucleotides together to build a polynucleotide?
phosphodiester linkages
Name the unbranched form of a starch and the most branched polysaccharide.
amylose, glycogen
What polysaccharide is a major component of the tough plant cell wall and is indigestible by humans?
Steroids consist of four fused carbon rings. What attaches to the rings to form different steroids?
different functional groups
From simplest to most complex, what are the four levels of protein structure?
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
*Primary: unique seq. of amino acids
Secondary: coils and folds in polypep. chain
Tertiary: determined by interactions among side chains (R groups)
Quaternary: results when protein consists of mult. polypep. chains
Name 2 ways in which RNA and DNA differ.
double vs SS, deoxyribose vs ribose, thymine vs uracil, storing genetic info vs decoding genetic info, nucleus vs "free-flowing"
Explain how polymers are synthesized through dehydration reactions.
Hydrogen of one monomer combines with the Hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a molecule of water. At the same time, the monomers share electrons and form covalent bonds. As additional monomers join, this chain of repeating monomers forms a polymer.