Carbohydrates
What storage polysaccharide do plants produce?
Starch
Building blocks of proteins are?
amino acids
What are the monomers of nucleic acids called?
Nucleotides
List 2 polysaccarides found in plants
Starch and cellulose
What determines whether a fatty acid is saturated or unsaturated?
The presence or absence of C=C double bonds
What type of chemical reaction links two monosaccharides together?
Dehydration reaction
Amino acids are held together by ?
Peptide bonds
What are the three main parts of nucleotides?
Pentose sugar (5 carbon sugar), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
Name 3 polysaccarides
Cellulose, Glycogen, Starch
What is the bond called that connects two monosaccharides?
Glycosidic
Which part of the amino acid varies among the 20 different types?
The R-group (side chain)
Name the two types of nucleic acids.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
How does the mnemonic device CHO CHO CHON CHONP relate to macromolecules? (x2 points if you know which macro molecules go with which)
a mnemonic device used in biology to remember the elemental composition of the four major biomolecules (CHO -> Carbohydrate, CHO-> Lipids, CHON -> Protein, CHONP -> Nucleic acid
Why are fats hydrophobic?
Because of nonpolar C—H bonds, they don’t interact with polar water molecules
What storage polysaccharide do plants produce?
Starch
List and describe the 4 structures of proteins?
What is Primary (linear), Secondary (twisted ladder), Tertiary (coils and pleats), Quaternary structure (multiple polypeptide chains)
What is the function of DNA and RNA
DNA holds our genetic material and RNA helps to make/synthesize proteins
What are the monomers of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids?
monosaccarides, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides
What structural feature distinguishes steroids from other lipids?
Steroids have a four fused-ring carbon skeleton.
Why can humans digest starch but not cellulose, even though both are polymers of glucose?
Because the alpha-glycosidic bonds in starch are weaker than the beta-glycosidic bonds in cellulose, allowing for them to be broken down by the enzyme Amylase.
Hemoglobin is a protein made of four polypeptide subunits. Which level(s) of protein structure does hemoglobin exhibit?
All levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary)
What type of bond links nucleotides together in a polynucleotide strand?
Phosphodiester bonds (covalent bonds)
List the 4 macromolecules and list their function in the body
Carbs-energy, support, cell to cell recognition Proteins: structure of cells Lipids: extra energy resource, water control Nucleic Acids: Holds our genetic information and helps with the production of proteins
Explain how the amphipathic nature of phospholipids is critical for cell survival.
Amphipathic nature (hydrophobic + hydrophilic parts) allows phospholipids to self-assemble into bilayers, creating a stable barrier critical for life.