Carbohydrates
What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
Monosaccharide
What two components are commonly found in fats?
Glycerol & Fatty Acids
What is the monomer of a protein?
Amino acid
What is the monomer of a nucleic acid?
Nucleotide
What process builds larger molecules by removing water?
Dehydration synthesis
What polysaccharide do animals use to store glucose?
Glycogen
Why do many lipids not mix with water?
They are nonpolar/hydrophobic
What covalent bond connects amino acids?
Name the three components of a nucleotide.
Sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
What process uses water to break covalent bonds between monomers?
Hydrolysis
Plants store excess glucose in this polysaccharide.
Starch
Which lipid is a major component of cell membranes?
Phospholipid
Which part of an amino acid differs among amino acids and affects its chemical properties?
R group/side chain
On which carbon atom is the nitrogenous base found?
2'
During dehydration synthesis, an –OH from one molecule and an –H from another combine to produce what?
H2O (Water)
Glycogen is highly branched. How does this help an animal that suddenly needs glucose?
More sites are available for enzymes to act, allowing glucose to be released rapidly
Why do phospholipids spontaneously form bilayers in water?
Hydrophilic regions interact with water while hydrophobic regions avoid water
A hydrophobic amino acid buried inside a protein is replaced by a charged amino acid. Predict an effect.
Protein folding may change, potentially altering its function
New nucleotides are added to which end of a growing DNA strand?
3' end
A protein is digested into amino acids. Is water consumed or produced?
Consumed; hydrolysis uses water to break peptide bonds
Cellulose and starch are both made of glucose, yet humans can digest starch but not cellulose. What general principle does this demonstrate?
Differences in molecular structure/bond arrangement can produce different biological properties and functions
A mutation makes the normally hydrophobic interior of a membrane protein much more polar. Predict what could happen.
Its interactions with the membrane may change, altering folding, stability, or function
Two proteins contain the same number of amino acids but have different amino acid sequences. Why can they have different functions?
Different sequences produce different R-group interactions, folding, shapes, and therefore functions
A mutation changes the nucleotide sequence of a gene. How could this ultimately affect a protein?
It may change the amino acid sequence, which can alter protein folding/shape and function
A cell cannot perform dehydration synthesis. Predict a major consequence for biological macromolecules.
It would have difficulty forming covalent bonds needed to assemble larger biological molecules from smaller subunits