Carbohydrates
Name three monosaccharides.
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
What is a triglyceride made up of?
Glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids
Name the monomer of proteins.
What are the three types of nucleic acids?
DNA, RNA, ATP
What does 'DNA' stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Name three disaccharides.
Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
What type of linkage is present in a triglyceride molecule?
Ester linkage
What is the function of the 'R' group in an amino acid ?
R group gives the amino acid its unique properties (could be polar, non polar, charged).
Which elements are present in nucleic acids?
C, H, O, N, P
What functional groups are present in carbohydrates?
hydroxyl, carbonyl, ether
What is the difference between an alpha glucose and beta glucose?
They are isomers that differ in the orientation of hydroxyl group on C1
Give 1 example of food that contains saturated fatty acids and 1 example of food that contains unsaturated fatty acids.
Saturated fatty acids: margarine, butter
Unsaturated fatty acids: oils (canola oil, sunflower oil etc)
What is the name of the bond that links two amino acids together?
Peptide bond or amide bond
What is a nucleotide composed of?
Ribose sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group
What is the difference between DNA and RNA in terms of structure and function?
(Identify at least 2 structural differences and 1 functional difference).
DNA: double helix, has deoxyribose sugar, bases are A/T/C/G/ Carries all genetic material
RNA: linear, has oxyribose sugar, bases are A/U/C/G
Important for protein synthesis
What are three functions of carbohydrates?
Starch- energy storage in plant
Glycogen- energy storage in liver and muscles
Cellulose- make up plant cell walls
Chitin- exoskeleton of insects
Why are lipids hydrophobic?
What are the 4 levels of protein structure? Describe each level in a few sentences.
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary (students can expand on each level)
What is the name of the bond that links two nucleotides together?
Phosphodiester bond
Amino acids are joined together by _______________ reaction.
Dehydration synthesis
What is the difference in structure between starch and cellulose?
Starch is a polymer of alpha glucose subunits/ linear
Cellulose is a polymer of beta glucose/ zig-zag representation of glycosidic bonds
What are steroids? Describe their structure and give 2 examples of steroids.
Hydrophobic lipids composed of 4 carbon rings linked together
E.g. cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen
Identify three functions of proteins?
keratin (hair, nails), collagen (muscle, bones), chaperons, nitrogen cycle, enzymes, haemoglobin, myoglobin, membrane channel proteins
We often say that the two DNA strands in a double helix are antiparallel. What does the word 'aniparallel' mean in this context?
One runs in 3'-5' direction and complementary strand runs in 5'-3' direction (students can describe this in their own words)
Why are saturated fats solids at room temperature while unsaturated fats are usually liquids at room temperature?
Saturated fats have single C-C bonds--> linear --> tightly pack --> increases its B.P./M.P
Unsaturated fats have double carbon-carbon double bonds --> forms kinks --> does not pack well --> lower B.P/M.P