Proteins
What is the role of protein in maintaining health?
Growth and maintenance (amino acids for muscles, tissues, bone formation, cells, collagen)
Immune system response (proteins can denature with a high fever)
Fluid and electrolytes regulation, transportation
(transportation of nutrients and other vital substances)
The primary functions of fats in the body include?
What is stored energy(adipose tissue storage), organ protection, temperature regulation, and insulation.
What are the primary functions of carbohydrates?
Energy, fiber and sweetness
How much water from food and drinks should be consumed on a daily basis?
20% of the daily recommended water intake
What happens when excess protein is consumed? What are 2 foods high in protein?
-You can put your body into ketosis (a metabolic state that happens when your body burns fat for energy instead of glucose) there could be health issues (increase heart issues, cancer and osteoporosis, renal damage, gout attacks) can lead to severe constipation and dehydration.
-4 high foods include EAAs and non essential amino acids (NEAAs) (ex: eggs and human milk)
Excess Fat consumption may cause these diseases?
Coronary vascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes Mellitus, and hypertension.
How are ketones produced in the body, and what does this process indicate about the importance of carbohydrates?
Ketones are produced when the body lacks carbohydrates for energy, leading to the breakdown of fats. This highlights carbohydrates as the body's preferred energy source.
Who is most at risk for fluid volume deficit?
Elders and infants
How does a vegetarian diet supply adequate protein?
Any type of lentils, those include nuts, peas, seeds, and beans. Also including soy or grains
These foods negatively affect blood cholesterol (provide atleast 5)
Fast Foods, Fatty Meats, Desserts, Whipped Cream, Cheese, Liver, Canned Shrimp, Eggs, Bacon and Butter. (Trans Fats and Saturated Fats)
What is glycogen, and why is it important in relation to carbohydrates?
Glycogen is a storage form of glucose in the body, primarily stored in the liver and muscles. Carbohydrates are essential for replenishing glycogen stores after physical activity.
What vitamins are antioxidants, and what do they do?
Vitamins C & E, they neutralize free radicals minimizing cell damage.
What are the different types and signs/symptoms of malnutrition?
-Malnutrition means there's an imbalance of nutrients, intake, or both
-Marasmus: inadequate intake of both energy and protein and there's extreme waste
-Kwashiorkor: inadequate protein intake but adequate. The belly and face are swollen
-Some factors of malnutrition are biologics, social, economics, and environmental.
What three categories can lipids be divided into? each have their individual importance.
Saturated Fats: largely from animal products like meat, dairy, and eggs, recommended to limit intake for health
Trans Fats: Used to extend the shelf life of processed foods. Found to elevate “bad” cholesterol (LDL)and should be avoided
Unsaturated Fats: “ good fats” Comprised of monounsaturated fats (like in avocados, olives, and nuts) and polyunsaturated fats (like sesame oil) *Omega-3 Fatty Acids!
How is blood glucose regulated in the body, and what role do carbohydrates play in this process?
Blood glucose is regulated by hormones like insulin and glucagon, which store or release glucose as needed. Carbohydrates play a crucial role in maintaining stable blood sugar levels.
How do vitamins E and K interfere with anticoagulant medications?
Vitamin E enhances anticoagulant effects, and vitamin K counteracts the effects of warfarin (TLDR: vitamin E decreases coagulation, and vitamin K hyper-coagulated.)
What foods should be avoided in celiac disease?
This is an immune reaction to gluten. A protein found in wheat, barley and rye.
Differentiate between LDL, HDL, and triglycerides, and their effect on labs.
LDL: Low-density lipoprotein, (“bad” cholesterol, can lead to plaques in blood vessels) found in the highest amounts,
HDL: high-density lipoprotein, removes cholesterol from the plaque, (“good” cholesterol, carries cholesterol to the liver, and removes it from the body)
Triglycerides: also very-low-density lipoprotein, does not carry cholesterol in the blood, paired with LDL can cause high cholesterol.
What are the differences between simple and complex carbohydrates, and how do they impact health?
Simple carbohydrates include sugars like glucose.
Complex carbohydrates consist of starches and fiber. High glycemic index foods can lead to rapid blood sugar spikes, while low glycemic index foods provide sustained energy and promote better metabolic health.
Which vitamin is administered to newborns shortly after birth? What is it used for?
Vitamin K and Vitamin D are commonly administered to newborns. Vitamin K is given to prevent bleeding disorders, while vitamin D is given to support bone health and growth.