Green
Korean-owned nail salons dominate the nail salon industry primarily in this U.S. city.
New York
Despite a global increase in women’s labour force participation, they are still responsible for doing most of this type of work in their homes.
Housework and childcare/reproductive labour
Unlike this type of salon, nail salons tend to attract a diverse client base.
Hair salons
As a “global city” New York reflects a shift from manufacturing to this type of economy.
Service economy
Dr. Kang describes “body labour” as a process of assigning this to the body’s appearance, functions, and forms of contact between bodies.
Market value
Wage differences between domestic workers in sending and receiving countries is a symptom of this type of capitalism.
Transnational
Even though “everyone from children to grandmothers” now get their nails done, individual nail salon owners have not seen a large increase in profits due to this.
Competition
This approach can help us understand why immigrant employment niches such as nail salons are both gendered and dominated by particular racial and ethnic groups.
Intersectional approach
Dr. Parreñas and Dr. Kang contend that this is a constitutive element of international migration.
Gender
Asian immigrant women are often pushed into nail salon jobs because language and credential barriers exclude them from this type of work.
White-collar/professional jobs
Dr. Parreñas prefers the term “reproductive labour” to this term, which privileges the experiences of white women and obscures the racial division of reproductive labour.
Care
The three-tiered hierarchy of the international division of labour described by Dr. Parreñas is made up of class-privileged women at the top, the Filipina migrant domestic workers they hire in the middle, and these women at the bottom of the tier.
Domestic workers in the Philippines
In addition to gender, race and class inequalities, migrant domestic workers face this type of inequality in receiving countries.
Citizenship
Dr. Parreñas names global capitalism, racial inequalities, and this as the three structural forces determining the position of migrant Filipina domestic workers in the global economy.
Patriarchy
The U.S.’s removal of anti-Asian exclusion laws is an example of this type of factor that contributed to a high number of Korean women emigrating to the U.S in the 1960s and 70s.
Pull factor
Dr. Parreñas argues that the migration of women from the Philippines represents a direct liberation from the prescribed gender roles of this patriarchal structure.
The nuclear family