CEM
Contrast-Enhanced Mammography (CEM) primarily combines mammography with:
A. Ultrasound waves
B. Magnetic fields
C. Iodinated contrast agent
D. Radioisotopes
What is Iodinated Contrast Agent?
Which of the following best describes Full-Field Digital Mammography (FFDM)?
A. Uses contrast media to highlight lesions
B. Produces 3D images of the breast
C. Uses digital detectors to capture standard 2D breast images
D. Uses magnetic resonance imaging
What is C? .
Uses digital detectors to capture standard 2D breast images
1. What are equivocal findings in medical imaging?
A. Clearly benign findings
B. Clearly malignant findings
C. Findings that are uncertain or indeterminate
D. No findings seen
C. Findings that are uncertain or indeterminate
Which of the following are NOT used to image the breast?
I. Electrocardiography (ECG)
II. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
III. Electroencephalography (EEG)
IV. Ultrasound (US)
A. III and IV only
B. I and III only
C. I, III and IV
D. All of the above
B. I & III ONLY
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis (DBT) differs from CEM because DBT:
A. Uses contrast injection
B. Provides 3D-like images without contrast
C. Uses magnetic fields
D. Has no radiation
What is B?
Provides 3D-like images without contrast
Which of the following is a primary clinical indication for CEM?
A. Routine screening in all patients
B. Bone density measurement
C. Evaluating equivocal findings on standard mammography
D. Imaging lung pathology
What is C?
C. Evaluating equivocal findings on standard mammography
CEM is particularly useful in staging breast cancer because it:
A. Measures bone density
B. Detects vascularity and lesion enhancement
C. Replaces biopsy
D. Eliminates radiation exposure
What is B?
B. Detects vascularity and lesion enhancement
Which statement about sensitivity is correct?
A. It measures true negatives
B. It measures the ability to detect disease when it is present
C. It measures image resolution
D. It measures patient comfort
What is B?
It measures the ability to detect disease when it is present
The dual-energy subtraction technique in CEM works by:
A. Using ultrasound and X-rays simultaneously
B. Taking two images at different energy levels and subtracting background tissue
C. Rotating the X-ray tube around the breast
D. Using only high-energy X-rays
What is B?
B. Taking two images at different energy levels and subtracting background tissue
CEM has been shown to have sensitivity:
A. Lower than MRI
B. Comparable to breast MRI
C. Equal to ultrasound only
D. Lower than FFDM
What is B?
Comparable to Breast MRI
State one advantage and one limitation of CEM.
Advantage: High sensitivity and improved detection in dense breasts
Limitation: May produce false positives
Explain one key difference in image information between CEM and FFDM
CEM provides both anatomical and functional imaging by showing contrast uptake, while FFDM only provides anatomical structure without functional assessment.
Differentiate between sensitivity and specificity.
Sensitivity: Ability to correctly identify patients with disease (true positives)
Specificity: Ability to correctly identify patients without disease (true negatives)
EXPLAIN DUAL ENERGY SUBTRACTION TECHNIQUE IN CEM
What is a technique used that takes low and high energy images after contrast injection and subtracting background tissue to highlight areas of contrast uptake, improving visualization of lesions.
Outline 1 primary clinical indications for CEM, including its role in:
>Staging
>Problem-solving for equivocal findings