March 31st Jeopardy

Coastal Landforms

100

Deltas, tidal mud flats, estuaries, beaches, rocky coasts, marshes, and mangroves. 

What is Coastal Landforms?

200

Passive vs active margins

A. Tectonic setting

b. Climate Zone

C. Coastal Landforms

D. Sediment Input

What is Tectonic Setting?

300

High, middle, and low altitudes,

A. Coastal Landforms

B. Tectonic Setting

C. Climate Zone

D. Sediment Input

What is Climate Zone?

400

Rivers, glaciers, waves, and winds all contain this type of sediment. 

What is Clastic Sediment?

500

Waves and tides are considered ________ when it comes to Coastal Landforms

What is Transport?

Coasts/ Deltas

100

Sediment Budget: Rivers, backshore cliff, continental shelf, up-current shoreline, biological input 

What is Coastal Sediment Budget Input?

200

Sediment Budget: Waves, and wind to backshore, longshore current, offshore current 

What is Coastal Sediment Budget Output

300

• The output is larger than the input 

• Bedrock exposure 

• Occurs commonly in coasts with steep continental shelves in tectonically active margins 

What are Rocky Coasts?

400

• Form when a stream enters a standing water body

• 
  

  • Current slows and loses competence

  • Sediment drops out

• 
  

  • Sediment input from rivers is large enough to compensate for sediment losses due to combined wave and tidal actions

What is a Delta?

500

• Distributary channels and their floodplain (topset)

• Salt marsh, Bay

What is a Delta Plain (Delta Top)?

Deltas/ Landforms

100

• Mouth bar 

• Prodelta (foreset) 

• Predelta (bottomset)

What is a Delta Front?

200

Mouth-Bar

Prodelta

Predelta

What are the parts of a Delta?

300

• Ria

  • Glacial age: formation of deep river valley by river downcutting Interglacial age: rising sea level floods and drowns the valley 

  • The estuary will be filled up

• Fjörd

  • Glacial age: formation of deep valley by outflowing glacier Interglacial age: rising sea level floods and drowns the glacial valley Very deep

What is the Formation of an Estuary?

400

• Beach Zone

  • Dune: sandy ridge(s) build by wind 

  • Berm(s): the highest part of a beach built by waves 

  • Backshore: landward sloping area behind the berm 

  • _______: seaward sloping area fronting the berm 

  • Nearshore: between low tide and fair-weather wave base, contains longshore trough and bars

  • Offshore: water deeper than the fair-weather wave base

What is Foreshore?

500

• A _________  _______ is a linear accumulation of sand that is completed separately from mainland. 

• Can be formed by breaching a _____ spit by storms, or by emergence of subaqueous sand bars, or by rising sea level

What is a "Barrier Island," and "Barrier?"

Ocean Circulation and Marine Sediments

100

_______  _______ are primarily driven by friction drag between wind and ocean surface 

Affected by distribution of continents, Coriolis effect, and gravity 

What are "Surface Currents?"

200

• Related to the spinning of the Earth 

• In the northern hemisphere, flying/flowing path of an object will be deflected to the right. 

• In the southern hemisphere, flying/flowing path of an object will be deflected to the left.

• Boundary currents 

• Equatorial currents 

• Subpolar gyres 

• Antarctica circumpolar current

What is the Coriolis Effect?

300

• Temperature

  • Mixed layer: the warmest uppermost 10-200 m. 

  • Thermocline: the next layer where temperature drops rapidly 

  • Deep water: the cold deep water with relatively stable temperature that does not change much with depth

• Salinity

  • Salinity profile generally mimics temperature profiles with the highest salinity at the surface and the lowest salinity at the deep water 

  • Halocline, a zone of rapid change in salinity

• Density of Sea Water

  • Density increases as T decreases, and as salinity increases 

  • T variability is much larger than salinity variability in most areas

What is Stratification of Sea Water

400

• Ocean Circulation

  • _____ Ocean Currents = Upper 100s meters

What is Surface Ocean Currents?

500

• Deep Ocean Currents

  • Three major deep ocean currents:

Hint;  (NADW) (AAIW) (AABW)

• North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW)  

• Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW)  

• Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)

Ocean Circulation/ Formations

100

• seawater moves downward 

• Low biological productivity

What is Convergence Downwelling?

200

• deeper seawater (cooler, nutrientrich) replaces surface water 

• High biological productivity

What is Divergence Upwelling

300

• describes the net transport of seawater due to wind 

• Net transport direction at 90° right/left from the wind in the northern/southern hemisphere 

What is Ekman transport?

400

• Continental Margin 

• are primarily driven by friction drag between wind and ocean surface 

• Affected by distribution of continents, Coriolis effect, and gravity 

• Abyssal Plain

What is the Ocean Basin?

500

• Continental Shelf: <200 m deep, gently sloping 

• Continental Slope: relatively steep slope in front of the shelf, may be cut by submarine canyon 

• Continental Rise (passive margin): relatively steep slope in front of the shelf, may be cut by submarine canyon 

• Trench (active margin): may be filled with sediments

What is the Continental Margin?