Cells and Biomolecules
What are cells?
The basic building blocks of life. The smallest functional unit of living things.
Which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine in DNA?
Adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) in DNA.
What is Natural Selection?
the process where individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more successfully.
What is the function of the Circulatory System?
The circulatory system transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body.
What is a producer in a food chain?
A producer is an organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis.
What are the two types of cells and how do they differ from each other?
Eukaryotic Cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, Prokaryotic cells do not and unicellular organisms.
What is the predicted offspring ratio for a heterozygous (Aa) and homozygous recessive (aa) cross?
A heterozygous (Aa) and homozygous recessive (aa) cross results in a 50% chance of Aa and 50% chance of aa offspring.
Who proposed the theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin
Describe Homeostasis.
Homeostasis is an organism's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.
How does deforestation affect the carbon cycle?
Deforestation reduces carbon absorption by trees, increasing CO2 levels and contributing to climate change.
What are the 4 biomolecules that are essential for all living things?
- Carbohydrates
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acid
Describe the basic structure of a nucleotide
A nucleotide, the building block of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, consists of three main components: a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA), and a phosphate group.
The founders effect is when a species inhabits a new land that is separate from its place of origin. This is an example what Mechanism of Evolution?
Gene Flow
What happens during Cellular Respiration?
cells break down glucose in the presence of oxygen, releasing energy stored within the glucose molecule in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which can be used by the cell to power various functions, while also producing Carbon Dioxide and Water.
What are some strategies for reducing human impact on ecosystems?
A conservation plan could include reforestation, habitat protection, pollution reduction, and promoting biodiversity.
What happens to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution?
A hypertonic solution causes water to leave the cell, leading to cell shrinkage (crenation in animal cells, plasmolysis in plant cells).
Describe the basic structure of a DNA molecule.
DNA has a double helix structure resembling a twisted ladder. The sides of the ladder are composed of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups, while the rungs consist of paired nitrogenous bases: adenine with thymine and cytosine with guanine.
Describe Vestigial Structures.
Structures that once served a function but is no longer used by the organism.
What organelles are responsible for Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis?
Cellular Respiration - Mitochondria
Photosynthesis - Chloroplast
What term describes the relationship where one organism benefits and the other is harmed?
Parasitism
How can a mutation that provides disease resistance spread in a population over time?
A beneficial mutation that provides disease resistance may spread through a population over generations if individuals with the mutation survive and reproduce more successfully than those without it, demonstrating natural selection in action.
How does DNA replication ensure genetic continuity during cell division?
During DNA replication, the double helix unwinds, and each strand serves as a template for the formation of a new complementary strand. This process results in two identical DNA molecules, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an exact copy of the genetic information.
How can a phylogenetic tree be used to determine evolutionary relationships?
A phylogenetic tree shows evolutionary relationships; closely related species share a recent common ancestor.
What is the function of the excretory system?
removal of waste from the body.
What term describes a relationship where both organisms benefit?
Mutualism