Algae...
Algae are mostly aquatic and lack these three organs found in land plants.
What are roots, stems, and leaves
Cyanobacteria are often called "blue-green algae," but they are excluded from strict definitions because they are this type of cell.
What is prokaryotic?
Plasmodium is the parasite that causes this human disease.
What is malaria?
This explains why algae are polyphyletic: plastids were acquired several independent times by different hosts.
What is the Endosymbiotic Theory?
The relationship between temperature and depth, salinity and depth, density and depth
What is the thermocline, halocline, and pycnocline?
This pigment, present in all oxygenic photosynthesizers, is a defining feature of algae.
What is chlorophyll a?
Prototheca and Polytomella are examples of algae that have lost this ability, making them an exception to the defining characteristics.
What is photosynthesis?
The apicoplast shows that the ancestors of Plasmodium were this, and that photosynthesis can be lost while the plastid stays.
What is photosynthetic algae?
The two membranes of a primary plastid come from these two membranes of the engulfed cyanobacterium.
What are the inner and outer membranes of the cyanobacterium's cell envelope?
Light is reduced as it passes through water column
What is attenuation?
Chapman (2013) uses "plants" in this broad sense, which is controversial because most taxonomists now restrict the term to land plants (embryophytes).
What is photosynthetic organisms or Plantae?
Kelps and Chara blur the line with land plants because they show this level of complexity despite being algae.
What is tissue differentiation/complex form?
In primary endosymbiosis, a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfs and retains this type of cell.
What is a cyanobacterium?
Secondary plastids from red algae often have this many membranes.
What is four?
These nutrients are crucial for algal growth. Include an example of a group specific nutrient.
What is Nitrogen and Phosphorus?
Diatoms - Silica
Coccolithophores - Calcium
The rate of photosynthesis and cellular respiration matches exactly
What is LCP?
When we are unsure whether to call an organism an alga, it is often because it is a mixotroph or a heterotroph that has descended from these.
What are photosynthetic ancestors (algae that lost their plastids or photosynthesis)?
A single ancient endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium gave rise to the plastids of these three lineages, while later endosymbioses spread photosynthesis to unrelated groups such as diatoms.
What are glaucophytes, red algae, and green algae (plants)?
In a four-membrane secondary plastid, the outermost membrane comes from the host's food vacuole and the next one comes from this.
What is the plasma membrane of the engulfed alga?
Net primary productivity is highest here.
What is open ocean?
What is coastlines vs open ocean?
What is contenital shelfs vs open ocean?
What is equator vs sub tropics?
Chapman argues algae are the world's most important "plants" because of these reasons.
What is account for approc half of global photosynthesis, food webs, agar and carrageenan, fossil fuels, and ecosystems?
Algae are polyphyletic and range from single cells to giant kelps, so they are defined by ecology and traits rather than by this.
What is common ancestor/shared evolutionary lineage?
In secondary endosymbiosis, a heterotrophic eukaryote engulfs this.
What is a eukaryotic alga (one that already has a primary plastid)?
This vestigial nucleus of an engulfed eukaryotic alga is found in cryptophytes and chlorarachniophytes and is evidence of secondary endosymbiosis.
What is a nucleomorph?
High nutrient, low chlorophyll areas are limited by this element.
What is iron?