8. Race & Ethnicity
Set of beliefs about the claimed superiority of one racial or ethnic group; used to justify inequality and often rooted in the assumption that differences among groups are genetic.
Racism
Those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed.
Essentialists
A system of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens.
As association of workers who bargain collectively for wages and benefits and better working conditions.
Union
The tendency to partner with people who live close by.
Propinquity
Type of health care that treats the disease or condition once it has manifested.
Curative OR Crisis Medicine
Study of the size, composition, distribution, and changes in human population.
Demography
Any activity intended to bring about social change.
Activism
Attitudes or stereotypes that are embedded at an unconscious level and may influence our perceptions, decisions, and actions.
Implicit Bias
The lack of sexual attraction of any kind.
Asexuality
A person's public display of commitment to a religious faith.
Extrinsic Religiosity
Work that primarily deals with information; producing value in the economy through ideas, judgments, analyses, designs, or innovations.
Knowledge Work
The emotional work necessary to support family members.
Expressive Tasks
A community in which the residents have little or no access to fresh, affordable, healthy foods, usually located in a densely populated urban area.
Food Desert
The variety of species of plants and animals existing at any given time.
Biodiversity
A type of social dilemma in which many individual's overexploitation of a public resource depletes or degrades that common resource.
Tragedy of the Commons
WEB DuBois's term for the divided identity experienced by Black people in the US.
Double-Consciousness
The economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, caused in part by the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single fathers, and the increasing costs of child care.
Feminization of Poverty
Values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling.
Hidden Curriculum
Ways that workers express discontent with their jobs and try to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor.
Resistance Strategies
Polyandry
An attempt to selectively manipulate the gene pool in order to produce and "improve" human beings through medical science.
Eugenics
Transformation of the physical, social, economic, and cultural life of formerly working-class or poor inner-city neighborhoods into more affluent middle-class communities.
Gentrification
A theory of social change that assumes changes in technology drive changes in society, rather than vice versa.
Technological Determinism
The process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage.
Racial Assimilation
A masculine ideal that promotes characteristics such as independence, aggression, and toughness, and rejects any alternate qualities in men.
Hegemonic Masculinity
A system of political power in which a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and the mechanisms of power.
Pluralist Model
Those who work in positions that are temporary or freelance or who work as independent contractors.
Contingent & Alternative Workforce
The tendency to choose romantic partners who are similar to us in terms of class, race, education, religion, and other social group membership.
Homogamy
The phenomenon in which our individual disease risks (based on our heredity and physiology) are amplified by social factors.
Deprivation Amplification
Term describing the operation of modern economic systems that require constant growth, which causes increased exploitation of resources and environmental degradation.
Treadmill of Production
A theory of social movements that focuses on the practical constraints that help or hinder social movements' action.
Resource Mobilization Theory