Mind Over Model
What two concepts make up perceived threats or hazards in the Health Belief Model (HBM)?
Susceptibility and severity
What are the two types of locus of control in Social Learning Theory?
Internal (belief that one’s own behavior determines outcomes)
External (belief that external forces control outcomes)
Samantha believes her success in school depends on her effort, while Tom thinks it’s mostly luck. What concepts describe the differences in their drive, and how do similar concepts appear in TPB, HBM, and SDT?
Internal locus of control (Samantha) and external locus of control (Tom). Similar concepts include perceived behavioral control (TPB), self-efficacy (HBM), and autonomy (SDT).
In practicing Motivational Interviewing, Susie asks her friend Jesse, “On a scale of 1-10, how motivated are you to reduce your social media usage?” Jesse answers 5. What should Susie ask next, based on Motivational Interviewing principles?
"Why didn’t you choose a lower number?"; "Why didn't you choose a 1 or 2?
What concept refers to an individual’s perception of social pressure to perform or not perform a behavior change in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)?
Subjective norm
What three concepts are central to Self-Determination Theory (SDT)?
Autonomy, competence, and relatedness
Chris has slowly increased their junk food intake over time, but when a friend suggests they change their eating habits, they react with resistance, claiming "It’s not that bad. Why do you care?" What is this reaction called?
Defensiveness
Why does goal-setting serve as a major source of motivation?
It provides direction, a reference point for progress, and encourages effort and persistence.
What concept in Social Learning Theory (SLT) refers to a person’s belief in their ability to perform a specific task?
Self-efficacy
Which type of motivation is most effective?
Intrinsic motivation
During self-affirmation, which brain areas become more active, and which become less active?
The ventromedial prefrontal cortex becomes more active, and the amygdala becomes less active.
What is self-affirmation, and how does it help reduce defensiveness according to studies?
Self-affirmation is the process of reflecting on personally relevant values or attributes. It reduces defensiveness by fostering self-transcendence, allowing individuals to focus on their broader values and identity.
What is the most important source of self-efficacy in SLT?
Previous Performance
Name one behavioral cause and one social cause of hypertension
Behavioral: excessive salt consumption. Social: living in a high-stress environment
Sarah values spending time with her family but feels distracted by her phone. What is this mismatch between her values and behaviors known as?
Cognitive dissonance
What are some benefits of self-affirmation in behavior change, and what type of people is self-affirmation most effective for in terms of behavior change?
Self-affirmation
- reduces defensiveness
- increases sense of control
- creates long-lasting effects; it's most effective for people at high risk.
Emily enjoys cooking and eating healthy because it makes her feel good, while John is trying to eat better due to concerns from his doctor. Who is motivated intrinsically, and who is motivated extrinsically?
Emily is intrinsically motivated, and John is extrinsically motivated
Maria believes studying every day will improve her grades but doubts she can stay focused. What aspects of self-efficacy in SLT does this highlight?
Maria has high outcome expectations but low efficacy expectations.
Michael is capable of quitting smoking but lacks motivation to try again. What approach could help reignite his motivation, and what is the primary goal of this approach? Who might benefit most from this strategy?
Motivational Interviewing; primary goal of Motivational Interviewing is to resolve ambivalence and strengthen motivation. It is especially helpful for people who are ambivalent or defensive.
While fear arousal can primarily have negative impacts, fear arousal can influence behavior change when…
It provides a clear, actionable solution that people can take to reduce the threat.
“I know spending hours on my phone is ruining my sleep, but I can’t stop. There's no way I can control it.” What concept from The Theory of Planned Behavior is this referring to?
Perceived behavioral control
A person with higher self-efficacy is more likely to change behavior than those with lower self-efficacy, including...(name 2 things)
initiation of new behaviors as well as maintenance
Putting forth greater effort
Greater persistence of effort
Chris has slowly increased their junk food intake over time, but when a friend suggests they change their eating habits, they react with resistance, claiming "It’s not that bad. Why do you care?"
Which model would not work for someone like Chris, and which approach might work and why?
The Health Belief Model might not work because Chris minimizes his risk, but Motivational Interviewing could help by exploring his ambivalence and focusing on his own reasons for change.
Ariel wants to reduce her sugary snack intake but feels overwhelmed. Her nutritionist suggests starting with one serving per day. What should Ariel do to ensure her goals are effective?
Set goals that are realistic, specific, and challenging, and consider both short-term and long-term goals.
Give an example of a situation where someone believes they are highly likely to get a certain health condition (high susceptibility), but they believe the condition would not have serious consequences for them (low severity).
Someone believes they will catch the flu but thinks it will only result in mild symptoms and therefore doesn't get a flu shot
Your friend Daniel wants to start running to lose weight but doubts his ability to stick with it. What are two strategies you could use to help improve his efficacy expectations?
Encourage him to reflect on past successes and observe others who successfully maintain a running routine
Your friend is helping her mom quit smoking by focusing on her values as a role model for her grandchildren. How does self-affirmation help support behavior change? Why might the HBM model not work?
Self-affirmation reduces defensiveness by focusing on personal values and strengths, creating a positive sense of self that motivates change. HBM focuses on perceived risks and barriers, which might not be effective for someone focused on values.
As a social media campaign manager tasked with promoting healthy sleep habits among teenagers, what approaches would you use to motivate them?
Examples: use techniques such as self-affirmation (purpose and values), gain-framed messaging, role models, social norms, goal setting (short term and actionable tips), locus of control, and behavioral modeling.