Mathematical Formulas in Chapters 10 & 13

Ch. 10 Formulas

100

Kinetic Energy

KE= 1/2mv²

200

Potential Energy

PE=mgh

300

Work

W=force(N) x distance(m)

400

Force

Force= m(kg) x acceleration(m/s²)

500

Internal Energy (ΔU)

*2 formulas

ΔU= q(heat) + w(work)

ΔU= U_final - U_initial

Ch.10 Formulas

100

Specific Heat

q= mcΔT

-q_{lost by metal}=q_{gained by metal}

200

Enthalpy (ΔH)

*2 formulas

ΔH=q_p (at constant pressure)

ΔH= ΔU + PΔV

300

Pressure-Volume Work

*2 formulas

W= -PΔV which can also be written as 

W=-P(V_final - V_initial)

PV=nRT

400

Enthalpy of Formation (ΔH_f)

ΔH_rxn= ΔH_products- ΔH_reactants

500

Bomb Calorimetry (constant volume)

q_rxn= -C_cal x ΔT

Ch. 13 Formulas

100

Molarity (M)

M= moles of solute/ volume of solution in L

200

Molality (m)

m= moles of solute/ kgs of solvent

300

Mass Percentage

Mass %= mass of solute/total mass of solution x 100

400

Parts Per Million (ppm)

ppm= mass of solute/total mass of solution x 10⁶

500

Parts Per Billion

ppb= mass of solute/total mass of solution x 10⁹

Ch.13 Formulas

100

Mole Fraction of solute

Mole Fraction= n_solute/n_solute + n_solvent

200

Mole Fraction of solvent

Mole Fraction=n_solvent/n_solvent + n_solute

300

Vapor Pressure of a solution (P_solution)

P_solution= Mole Fraction_solvent x P^°_solvent

400

For volatile substance P_total

*2 formulas

P_total= P_A + P_z

P_total= (Mole Fraction_A x P°_A + Mole Fraction_z x P°_z)

500

Osmotic Pressure (π)

π=iMRT

Ch. 13 Formulas

100

Boiling Point Elevation (∆T_b)

*2 formulas

∆T_b= T_b(solution) - T_b°(solvent)

∆T_b=iK_bm

200

Freezing Point Depression (∆T_f)

*2 formulas

∆T_f= T_f°(solvent) - T_f°solution)

∆T_f=iK_fm