Early Problems and Ponderers
In the Heroic Age of Math, he is considered the first person to produce a proof of a geometric fact.
Who is Thales of Miletus?
Archimedes was particularly proud of his proof for the volume of this shape.
What is a sphere?
Fibonacci introduced Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe in this book.
What is Liber Abaci?
Newton used this pair of terms for quantities that change over time, and the rates at which they change.
What are fluents and fluxions?
He was Leonhard Euler's mentor and teacher; his older brother died too young to have met Euler.
Who is Johann Bernoulli?
He founded the Academy, one of the first schools of higher learning and discourse.
Who is Plato?
Archimedes found the quadrature of a section of this curve using the method of exhaustion and the first instance of a geometric series.
What is a parabola?
He was the winner in the famous math duel over the cubic formula.
Who is Tartaglia?
Isaac Newton produced many of his early great ideas while under quarantine during the Great Plague in this year.
What is 1665 (or 1666)?
Euler was the first to define this word, which he called a combination of expressions in any way whatsoever.
What is a function?
The well in Syene was used in a calculation does by this man.
Who is Eratosthenes?
Archimedes is referred to as the father of physics, and apt name considering he gave the first logic reasoning for this law.
What is the Law of the Lever?
Two famous mathematicians, separated by 500 years, were both from this city in Italy.
What is Pisa, Italy?
This rule for integration is also known as Leibniz's Law; he was the first to give a proof using differentials.
What is the product rule?
Although he first invented the Calculus of Variations, he left its research to this younger mathematician who gave, what Euler felt to be, a more elegant proof of the equation that now bears both their names.
Who is Lagrange?
Zeno provided four paradoxes, each to refute one of these four possibilities.
What is the divisibility or indivisibility of space and/or time?
Daily Double!
In this short work, Archimedes invented the concept of Orders of Magnitude in order to describe the size of the universe.
What is The Sand Reckoner?
In Galileo's Discourse on Two New Sciences, these are the two new sciences.
What are material science and kinematics?
Although he originally derived his physical theories using calculus, Newton reproved all his facts using geometry (like the Greeks) in this work.
What is the Principia?
Euler was famous for using sum-to-product formulas, such as in his solution to the Basel problem in which he looked at a series and product representation of this function.
What is sin(x)/x?
Two of the Three Classical Problems were finally put to rest when this man used Galois-Like techniques to prove that you can't double a cube or trisect an angle in 1837.
Who is Pierre Wantzel?
Archimedes was killed during the Siege of Syracuse, during this Mediterranean War.
Galileo incorrectly guessed that a chain will hang in the shape of a parabola; it was this man who showed this was not the case in 1690.
Who is Christiaan Huygens?
He was the first to prove the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Who is Isaac Barrow?
Daily Double!
The collected works of Euler are known as the Opera Omnia, and - when its collection is completed - will span roughly this many pages. (I will accept answers from 50%-150% of the correct answer.)
What is 30,000 pages?