Embryology
This embryonic structure gives rise to the kidneys and ureters
A) Paraxial mesoderm
B) Intermediate mesoderm
C) Endoderm
D) Lateral plate mesoderm
B) Intermediate mesoderm
The kidneys are located in which of the following regions of the abdomen?
A) Intraperitoneal
B) Retroperitoneal
C) Subperitoneal
D) Anterior peritoneal
B) Retroperitoneal
Which hormone is released by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure and stimulates the RAAS pathway?
A) Aldosterone
B) Angiotensin II
C) Renin
D) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Renin
Which organ system works together with the kidneys to regulate acid-base balance?
A) Digestive system
B) Respiratory system
C) Endocrine system
D) Muscular system
B) Respiratory system
The urinary bladder develops from which embryonic structure?
A) Cloaca
B) Ureteric bud
C) Metanephric blastema
D) Mesonephric duct
A) Cloaca
Which artery directly supplies the afferent arterioles of the nephron?
A) Renal artery
B) Arcuate artery
C) Interlobular artery
D) Segmental artery
C) Interlobular artery
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is primarily activated in response to which of the following conditions?
A) Increased blood volume
B) Increased sodium levels
C) Low blood pressure
D) High blood glucose
C) Low blood pressure
What happens to urine pH when the body is in a state of acidosis?
A) It becomes more acidic (lower pH)
B) It becomes more alkaline (higher pH)
C) It stops changing
D) It becomes the same as blood pH
A) It becomes more acidic (lower pH)
This duct system, which initially contributes to male reproductive structures, also plays a role in early kidney development before it regresses in females.
A) Ureteric bud
B) Pronephric duct
C) Müllerian (paramesonephric) duct
D) Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct
D) Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct
The venous drainage of the left gonadal vein differs from the right because it drains into which of the following vessels?
A) Left renal vein
B) Inferior vena cava
C) Common iliac vein
D) Superior mesenteric vein
A) Left renal vein
This hormone is released by the adrenal glands in response to angiotensin II and promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.
A) Aldosterone
B) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
C) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
D) Renin
A) Aldosterone
Which substance is reabsorbed by the kidneys to help neutralize excess acid in the blood?
A) Hydrogen ions (H⁺)
B) Calcium ions (Ca²⁺)
C) Potassium ions (K⁺)
D) Bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻)
D) Bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻)
The bladder is primarily derived from this part of the embryonic hindgut.
A) Cloaca
B) Ureteric bud
C) Urogenital sinus
D) Metanephric blastema
C) Urogenital sinus
Lymphatic drainage of the kidneys primarily reaches which lymph nodes?
A) Internal iliac nodes
B) Para-aortic (lumbar) nodes
C) Common iliac nodes
D) External iliac nodes
B) Para-aortic (lumbar) nodes
Which of the following effects does angiotensin II have on blood pressure?
A) Vasodilation and decreased blood pressure
B) Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
C) Increased urine output and decreased blood pressure
D) Decreased sodium reabsorption and blood pressure
B) Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
What is the main effect of increased hydrogen ion (H⁺) secretion in the kidneys?
A) The blood becomes more acidic
B) The blood becomes more alkaline
C) The kidneys stop producing urine
D) Sodium (Na⁺) levels decrease in the blood
B) The blood becomes more alkaline
The functional adult kidney develops from this structure, the third and final stage of kidney development
Metanephros
Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for filtration of blood?
Glomerulus
This is the first step in urine formation, where plasma is filtered through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule
Glomerular filtration
Which hormone indirectly stimulates hydrogen ion (H⁺) excretion by increasing sodium (Na⁺) reabsorption in the kidneys?
Aldosterone