Orgo
In the Claisen condensation, what is the role of the base?
The base deprotonates the α-carbon of the ester, generating an enolate ion.
What is the change in entropy when 1 mole of ice at 0°C melts to form liquid water at 0°C
The change in entropy is positive
In the context of a passage discussing the ethical implications of genetic engineering, which term describes the logical fallacy where the arguer attacks the person making the argument rather than the argument itself?
ad hominem
In glycolysis, which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to pyruvate, generating ATP in the process?
pyruvate kinase
his sociological theory proposes that individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds experience higher levels of stress due to their limited access to resources, which can lead to dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and subsequent health disparities.
"social determinants of health" theory
What is the relationship between a meso compound and its enantiomer?
A meso compound is achiral and identical to its enantiomer.
What does the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle state regarding the measurement of position and momentum of a particle?
It states that the more precisely the position of a particle is known, the less precisely its momentum can be known, and vice versa.
In a passage discussing the impact of social media on political discourse, what literary device is employed when the author uses exaggerated language to emphasize the negative consequences of online echo chambers?
hyperbole
In the process of DNA replication, what enzyme is responsible for unwinding the double helix and preventing supercoiling by introducing negative supercoils ahead of the replication fork?
What is DNA topoisomerase (DNA gyrase)?
Chronic exposure to environmental pollutants and allergens in disadvantaged neighborhoods can lead to increased rates of respiratory infections and asthma exacerbations due to this physiological response.
airway inflammation
What is the major product of the Friedel-Crafts acylation of benzene with acetyl chloride (CH3COCl) in the presence of AlCl3?
Acetophenone (C6H5COCH3)
In a series RLC circuit, what happens to the resonant frequency if the capacitance is doubled while the inductance and resistance remain constant?
The resonant frequency decreases.
In a passage discussing the effects of climate change on biodiversity, what logical fallacy occurs when the author argues that because one scientific model failed to predict a specific event, all models predicting climate change are unreliable?
fallacy of composition
In eukaryotic cells, which organelle is responsible for the synthesis of phospholipids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones, as well as detoxification and glycogen breakdown?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to experience hypertension compared to those from higher SES backgrounds due to this physiological mechanism, even with similar dietary and exercise habits.
dysregulation of the cardiovascular system
In proton NMR spectroscopy, what effect does an electron-withdrawing group have on chemical shift?
Electron-withdrawing groups cause a downfield shift (to the left) of the signal
What is the relationship between the velocity and pressure of a fluid in motion, according to Bernoulli's principle?
As the velocity of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases, and vice versa, provided the flow is steady and the fluid is incompressible and non-viscous.
In a passage analyzing the ethics of animal experimentation, what rhetorical device is used when the author appeals to the emotions of readers by vividly describing the suffering of laboratory animals?
What is pathos
In the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate while generating GTP
What is succinyl-CoA synthetase
Longitudinal studies have shown that individuals from lower SES backgrounds have higher allostatic load in adulthood, characterized by dysregulation of multiple physiological systems such as the cardiovascular, immune, and endocrine systems, highlighting the impact of this sociological factor on overall health
social stratification
Which reaction mechanism involves the concerted movement of two sigma bonds breaking and two new sigma bonds forming simultaneously?
E2 (Elimination Bimolecular) mechanism
In quantum field theory, what phenomenon describes the spontaneous breaking of a continuous symmetry in a quantum system, resulting in the generation of mass for previously massless particles?
What is the Higgs mechanism?
In a passage exploring the role of technology in modern education, what term describes the logical fallacy where the author assumes that because a particular educational approach worked in one context, it will work universally across all educational settings?
fallacy of hasty generalization
In glycolysis, what is the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate?
phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1
In the nervous system, what part of the brainstem is responsible for regulating vital functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure?
medulla oblongata