DNA & Genes
These four nitrogenous bases make up DNA, with A pairing with T and C pairing with G.
What are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine?
Often called the cell's "powerhouse," this organelle produces most cellular ATP.
What are mitochondria?
This hormone is released after eating and helps lower blood glucose.
What is insulin?
This experimental group provides a baseline for comparison and does not receive the experimental treatment or condition.
What is the control group?
In a eukaryotic cell, this is where DNA is transcribed into mRNA.
What is the nucleus?
This type of membrane transport uses cellular energy to move substances against their concentration or electrochemical gradient.
What is active transport?
At the lungs, oxygen moves in this direction as it diffuses from the alveoli into pulmonary capillary blood.
What is into the blood?
This is the variable that a researcher measures as the outcome of an experiment.
What is the dependent variable?
Unlike DNA, this nucleic acid is generally single-stranded and uses uracil instead of thymine.
What is RNA?
When temperatures become too high, enzymes can lose their three-dimensional structure through this process.
What is denaturation?
During intense exercise, muscle cells can produce this molecule when increased glycolysis requires regeneration of NAD⁺.
What is lactate?
When a cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than its cytoplasm, water leaves the cell through this process.
What is osmosis?
Deleting one nucleotide from a coding sequence can cause this type of mutation, shifting the reading frame.
What is a frameshift mutation?
A mutation that changes the shape of an enzyme's active site could interfere with this interaction between the enzyme and its substrate.
What is substrate binding?
Lower O₂, higher CO₂, lower pH, and increased temperature in active muscle promote this process involving hemoglobin.
What is oxygen unloading?
Researchers find that increasing drug concentration decreases enzyme activity. What additional experiment could help determine whether the drug is competitive?
What is the substrate?
A mutation in one of these noncoding regions can still alter a protein by interfering with RNA splicing.
What are introns?
This mitochondrial process depends on a proton gradient and ultimately drives ATP production through ATP synthase.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
This protein in red blood cells is primarily responsible for carrying oxygen from the lungs to body tissues.
What is hemoglobin?
If knocking down Protein X decreases cell division, researchers need this comparison group to determine whether the effect is actually associated with the knockdown.
What is a control group?