Psych/Soci
A therapeutic patient undergoes systematic desensitization treatment. The function of which of the following structures is most altered by the end of treatment?
A. The pituitary gland
B. The prefrontal cortex
C. The amygdala
D. The hippocampus
C. The amygdala - involved in recognizing threatening stimuli and activating a response to it
A group of 20 babies born with a mutation in the CFTR gene are identified and retrospectively assessed for exposure to a particular class of chemical mutagens in utero. This is an example of a(n):
A. cross-sectional study
B. cohort study
C. experimental study
D. case-control study
D. case-control study - an observational study that starts by identifying subjects with a given outcome, then looks for correlations to specific exposures with the group.
Researchers are studying a single-celled pathogen. Which experimental method would be LEAST effective for determining whether the pathogen is prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
A. Analyzing the cells for the number of origins of replication
B. Exposing the pathogen to a fluorescent antimitochondrial antibody
C. Testing the pathogen for ribosome size
D. Assessing the pathogen for the presence of pyruvate in the cytoplasm
D. Assessing the pathogen for the presence of pyruvate in the cytoplasm
Which of these molecules is NOT an electron carrier in the ETC?
A. Cytochrome P450
B. Cytochrome C
C. Ubiquinone
D. FADH2
A. Cytochrome P450
(found in liver tissue that is used in oxidative detox in many meds)
Which of the following statements concerning periodic table trends is true?
A. Those elements with the most metallic character tend to have the smallest atomic radii
B. Those elements with the least metallic character tend to be the least electronegative
C. As electronegativity increases, first ionization energy decreases
D. As atomic radius increases, electron affinity decreases.
D. As atomic radius increases, electron affinity decreases
Which of the following statements is/are necessarily true? (Assume no inflation)
I. If everyone's income increases and income distribution remains constant, absolute poverty will decline
II. If everyone's income increases and income distribution remains constant, relative poverty remains constant
III. The poverty line for absolute poverty is lower than the poverty line for relative poverty
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. II and III only
C. I and II only
A family of gazelles is being chased by a cheetah. According to inclusive fitness theory, which of the following actions may occur?
A. The mother gazelle sacrifices itself to prevent the cheetah from catching her children
B. The most reproductively fit gazelles survive the attack and live on to reproduce
C. The gazelles run in separate directions to increase changes of survival
D. The herd turns and begins to fight as a cohesive unit, attacking the lone cheetah
A. The mother gazelle sacrifices itself to prevent the cheetah from catching her children
(altruistic acts are consistent with this theory because because inclusive fitness is determined by # of offsprings and ability to protect/raise its offspring)
Researchers isolated peptidoglycan from a eukaryotic cell. The best explanation for this would be that:
A. the eukaryotic cell is a host to a bacterial species containing peptidoglycan.
B. peptidoglycan is a component of some eukaryotic cell walls.
C. membranes within the eukaryotic cell contain peptidoglycan as a structural element.
D. a virus with a protein coat containing peptidoglycan infected the eukaryotic cell
A. the eukaryotic cell is a host to a bacterial species containing peptidoglycan.
Which of these hormones produced by the pituitary tends to promote fatty acid breakdown as a direct action?
A. Follicle-stimulating hormone
B. Thyroid stimulating hormone
C. Prolactin
D. Growth hormone (somatotropin)
D. Growth hormone (somatotropin)
(produced by the pituitary gland, promotes the release of fatty acids from adipose tissue into the bloodstream, making them available for energy production)
Extremely low concentrations are sometimes expressed in parts per million (ppm), which is equivalent to milligrams of solute per kilogram of solution (mg/kg). If a well water sample contains an arsenic contaminant at a concentration of 50 ug/L, what is the concentration in ppm? (Note: assume density of water is 1.0 g/mL)
A. 0.000050
B. 0.050
C. 5.0
D. 50
B. 0.050
An individual who identified herself as being a moderate supporter of a political movement is presented with a number of articles, some of which provide views that support the movement and some of which describe dissenting views. Which of the following is the most likely result?
A. The individual changes her position to oppose the movement
B. The individual changes her position to that of neutrality
C. The individual's position remains unchanged
D. The individual increases her support of the movement
D. The individual increases her support of the movement
(Belief perseverance and information confirming a moderate belief would lead to increase for support)
For a unimodal distribution with a negative skew, what are the measures of central tendency from least to greatest?
A. Mean, mode, median
B. Mean, median, mode
C. Mode, median, mean
D. Median, mode, mean
B. Mean, median, mode
Which of the following glial cells acts to prevent infection of the brain by inhibiting pathogens from entering the brain?
A. Astrocytes
B. Microglia
C. Ependymal cells
D. Oligodendrocytes
A. Astrocytes - build the blood brain barrier
Microglia are phagocytic cells that attack pathogens once they have already entered the brain but they do not prevent them from entering
Ependymal cells - produce CSF
An 18-carbon fatty acid undergoes beta-oxidation. An experimenter adds a radioactive label to C-1 of the 18 carbon acid and to the sulfur atom in the Coenzyme A used as a reactant. Where will those labels appear in the products?
A. The labeled carbon atom will appear in the C-16 acid and the labeled sulfur atom will appear in the acetyl coenzyme A
B. The labeled sulfur atom will appear in the C-16 acid and the labeled sulfur atom will appear in the acetyl coenzyme A
C. Both labels will appear in the C-16 acid
D. Both labels will appear in the acetyl coenzyme A
B. The labeled sulfur atom will appear in the C-16 acid and the labeled sulfur atom will appear in the acetyl coenzyme A
(The labeled sulfur from coenzyme A will attack the C-18 acid at the beta-position, releasing carbons 1 and 2 to form acetyl CoA)
An 84-mg sample of a compound is found to contain 36 mg of carbon, 3 mg of hydrogen, 21 mg of nitrogen, and 24 mg of oxygen. If the compound has a molecular weight of 112 g/mol, what is its molecular formula?
A. C2H2NO
B. C4H6N3O
C. C5H6NO2
D. C4H4N2O2
D. C4H4N2O2
An elderly woman diagnosed with Parkinson's disease is prescribed a high dose of L-dopa, a dopamine agonist. On the next follow up visit, the medical resident significantly lowers the prescribed dose of L-dopa. Which of the following patient presentations most likely led to the decision to lower the medication dosage?
A. The patient demonstrated bradykinesia and shuffling gait upon examination.
B. The patient showed a marked improvement in Parkinson's related symptoms, showing that the medication was effective.
C. The patient's family reports that the patient had hallucinations and incoherent speech.
D. A new medication with greater efficacy than L-dopa was recently added to the patient's approved medications list by her insurance.
C. The patient's family reports that the patient had hallucinations and incoherent speech.
(symptoms of psychosis can be a side effect of dopamine agonist treatment)
Subjects in an experiment are led to a dinner table that appears to have food served, but the food is actually fake. Even though looking closely at the food would have revealed it to be fake, the subjects don't realize it. This behavior is best explained by:
A. Symbolic interactionism
B. Self-serving bias
C. Conflict theory
D. Functionalism
A. Symbolic interactionism
Subjects are seeing things for what they represent and how they are socially relevant rather than what they actually are
A researcher wants to use the PCR to clone a particular DNA sequence. The researcher requires knowledge of that sequence before carrying out the PCR procedure in order to determine:
A. which polymerase to use
B. the optimal temperature for the extension phase
C. the sequence of the DNA primer
D. the amount of each nucleotide to add
C. the sequence of the DNA primer
(dependent on the sequence to be cloned)
How many molecules of NADH would be produced by the complete beta-oxidation of a 16-carbon sugar? (Ignoring production of NADH by any other metabolic pathways)
A. 1
B. 7
C. 8
D. 9
B. 7
(It will take 7 rounds of beta-oxidation to break 16 carbons into 8 acetyl-CoAs, meaning 7 NADH molecules will be made)
Fluorescence typically occurs when an orbiting electron absorbs a high energy photon, usually in the UV spectrum, causing emission of several photons of lower energy, often in the visible spectrum. In order for thsi phenomenon to be observed, which of the following scenarios MUST be true. (Note: h = 6.626x10-34)
A. An incident UV photon must have an energy less than 4.966x10-19J
B. A photon emitted in the visible spectrum must have an energy of at least 2.838 x 10-19J
C. The frequency of the emitted photon is greater than the incident photon
D. The wavelength of the incident photon is longer than of the emitted photon
B. A photon emitted in the visible spectrum must have an energy of at least 2.838 x 10-19J
How might game theory be applied to explain behavior that appears altruistic in nature?
A. People will only help others if they can rationalize a benefit from helping.
B. We help others who we perceive to be on the same "team" as us.
C. We help others only after knowing we have a decisive advantage to win.
D. Helping others confers us a biological advantage as it labels us as "heroic" and thus superior.
A. People will only help others if they can rationalize a benefit from helping.
(Game theory - rational behavior of interacting with people and basis is on self-interest)
The PI for a study buys a new and improved DNA sequencer because the old one was subject to mistyping the base pair as C-G, regardless of the true base pair, every 1000 bases. Assuming the rate of error of this new machine is far lower than the rate of error of the old machine, which of the following is NOT being affected by this purchase?
A. Confounding
B. Bias
C. Systematic error
D. Accuracy
A. Confounding - is an error in which a researcher incorrectly concludes a causal link between two correlated variables without considering other variables that could be affecting that link. This can NOT happen during the dat collection phase of research.
After using the Sanger method for DNA sequencing, a researcher utilizes gel electrophoresis and obtains a single dark band. Which of the following source of error is most likely?
A. Dideoxynucleotides were omitted from the reaction mixture
B. DNA was denatured into single strands using heat
C. Deoxynucleotides were present in excess
D. The primer annealed to the template strand in numerous places
A. Dideoxynucleotides were omitted from the reaction mixture
Within the specialized microenvironment of an enzyme's active site, which of the following amino acids has a side chain that can act as a nucleophile?
I. Cysteine
II. Lysine
III. Serine
A. II only
B. III only
C. I and II only
D. I, II, and III only
D. I, II, and III only
An incompressible solid plastic bowling ball with a density of 1.32 g/cm3 is held at a depth of 10 meters in a freshwater lake. When released, the ball will:
A. sink with initial velocity of 3.3 m/s
B. sink with initial acceleration 2.5 m/s2
C. sink with initial acceleration 9.8 m/s2
D. float upward with initial velocity 3.3 m/s
B. sink with initial acceleration 2.5 m/s2